Order  V.  GALLINJE. 
Family  III.  Piiasianidje. 
The  fifth  Subfamily, 
LOPHOPHORIN^E,  or  Monauls, 
have  the  Bill  moderate,  broad  at  the  base,  and  the  tip  of  the  upper  mandible  projecting  over  the  lower  ; 
the  Nostrils  partly  exposed,  and  partly  covered  with  feathers  and  a  membranous  shield;  the  Wings 
moderate ;  the  Tail  ample ;  the  Tarsi  short,  strong,  and  covered  with  divided  shields ;  the  Toes 
lengthened,  and  the  lateral  ones  united  with  the  middle  one  ;  the  Claws  short  and  curved.  Lores 
clothed  with  small  feathers. 
Lophophorus  Temm.* 
Bill  strong,  long,  broad  at  the  base,  and  somewhat  depressed,  the  upper  mandible  much  curved  over 
the  lower,  with  the  culmen  and  lateral  margins  arched ;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  and  partly  hidden  by 
a  plumed  membrane  and  a  membranous  covering.  Wings  with  the  first  three  quills  equally  graduated, 
and  shorter  than  the  fourth  and  fifth,  which  are  the  longest.  Tail  ample  and  rounded.  Tarsi  the 
length  of  the  middle  toe,  strong  and  scutellated  in  front,  with  divided  broad  scales  ;  the  males  armed 
with  a  short  spur.  Toes  lengthened,  the  lateral  ones  equal  and  united  at  the  base  with  the  middle  toe  ; 
the  hind  toe  elevated  and  short ;  the  claws  moderate  and  curved. 
The  single  species  of  this  genus  is  a  most  abundant  bird  in  the  inner  ranges  of  the  Himalayan  Mountains.  These 
birds  are  said  to  take  wing  rapidly  down  the  Khad,  uttering  a  loud  and  musical  whistle,  which  they  quickly  repeat 
during  their  descent,  until  they  again  alight.  They  are  very  fond  of  perching  themselves  on  the  top  of  some  bare  rock 
or  stone,  and  from  thence  survey  the  ground  around  them.  In  the  morning  and  evening,  while  feeding,  it  is  difficult  to 
get  near  them,  as  they  are  very  wary  ;  but  the  best  time  to  shoot  them  is  during  the  heat  of  the  day,  when  they  are 
lazily  reposing  among  the  brushwood  covers  and  are  unwilling  to  rise,  thus  allowing  the  sportsmen  to  come  near  enough 
to  make  pretty  certain  of  bringing  these  splendid  birds  down.  It  is  generally  readily  known  whether  they  are  in  any 
particular  localities,  by  noticing  the  holes  that  they  have  made  in  the  ground  in  search  of  their  food,  which  consists 
of  bulbous  roots  and  insects.  The  males  are  three  years  in  attaining  then-  showy  plumage,  being,  when  first  fledged, 
scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  the  female. 
L.  Impcyanus  (Lath.)  Vieill.  Gal.  des  Ois.  t.  201.  —  Phasianus  curvirostris  Shaw,  Lev.  Mus.  pi.  p.  103. ;  Lophophorus  refulgens  Temm. 
PL  col.  507.  513.,  Gould's  Cent,  of  Birds,  pi.  60,  6l. 
Tetraogallus  Gray.\ 
Bill  moderate,  broad  at  the  base,  with  the  culmen  arched  to  the  tip,  which  overlaps  that  of  the  lower 
mandible,  the  sides  compressed,  and  the  lateral  margins  straight,  but  curved  close  to  the  tip ;  the  nostrils 
*  Established  in  1815  (Pig.et  Gall.  iii.  p.  673.)  by  M.  Temminck.  In  18l6,  Vieillot  proposed  Monaulus  ;  in  1822,  Dr.  Flemming 
Lophofera;  and,  in  1831,  M.  Lesson  Impcyanus.    These  were  all  founded  on  the  same  species. 
t  Established  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Gray  in  (1833-1834)  the  Illustrations  of  Indian  Zoology.  Megaloperdix  of  M.  Gebler  and  Chourtha  of 
M,  Motschoulsky  (183,9)  are  coequal  with  the  one  employed. 
