Order  V.  GALLIN.E. 
The  fourth  Family, 
TETRAONIDiE,  or  Grouse, 
have  the  Bill  more  or  less  long,  broad  at  the  base,  and  the  sides  compressed,  with  the  culmen  arched  to 
the  tip,  which  is  obtuse  ;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  sometimes  covered  with  feathers,  or  protected  with 
a  naked  hard  scale  ;  the  Wings  short  and  rounded  ;  the  Tail  more  or  less  lengthened  and  rounded ;  the 
Tarsi  strong,  sometimes  clothed  with  plumes,  or  naked  and  scutellated  ;  the  hind  toe  moderate  and 
elevated. 
The  first  Subfamily, 
PERDICINiE,  or  Partridges, 
have  the  margins  of  the  Bill  entire,  and  the  Nostrils  protected  by  a  naked  hard  scale ;  the  Tarsi  long, 
naked,  covered  in  front  with  divided  scales,  and  sometimes  armed  with  spurs  or  blunt  tubercles. 
Ithaginis  WagL* 
Bill  short,  more  or  less  slender,  broad  at  the  base,  and  compressed  on  the  sides  towards  the  tip, 
which  is  obtuse,  the  apical  half  of  the  upper  mandible  vaulted  and  curved ;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral, 
and  covered  by  a  large  hard  membranous  scale.  Wings  moderate  and  rounded,  with  the  fourth,  fifth, 
and  sixth  quills  the  longest.  Tail  lengthened,  broad,  and  much  rounded.  Tarsi  long,  armed  with  two, 
or  sometimes  three  spurs.  Toes  long,  united  at  the  base,  with  the  outer  toe  longer  than  the  inner,  and 
transversely  scaled  above ;  the  hind  toe  long ;  the  claws  long  and  slightly  curved. 
It  is  on  the  Himalayan  mountains  of  Northern  India,  that  the  species  are  found,  living  among  the  thick  brushwood 
of  the  Ghauts,  and  rarely  seen  on  the  wing,  or  perched  on  trees. 
1.  I.  cruentus  (Hardw.)  Linn.  Trans,  xiii.  237.,  Temra.  PI.  col.  3.  I.  madagascariensis  (Scop.) — Tetrao  spadiceus  Gmel.  Gray, 
332.  —  Phasianus  Gardneri  Hardw.  Linn.  Trans,  xv.  166.  111.  Ind.  Zool.  ii.  pi.  42.  f.  2. ;  Plectrophora  (Polyplectron)  Northire 
2.  I.  lunulatus  (Valenc.)  —  Perdix  Hardwickii  Gray,  in  Griff.  Gray,  111.  Ind.  Zool.  ii.  pi.  43.  f.  1. 
An.  Kingd.  iii.  p.  48.,  111.  Ind.  Zool.  pi.  52. ;  Francolinus  nivosus  | 
Be  Less.  Mag.de  Zool.  1840.  Ois.  t.  18. 
Ptilopachus  Swains.^ 
Bill  small,  slender,  elevated,  and  broad  at  the  base  ;  the  sides  much  compressed  to  the  tip  ;  the 
apical  half  of  the  culmen  arched  ;  the  nostrils  lateral,  basal,  and  covered  by  a  hard  membranous  scale. 
*  Wagler  established  this  genus  in  1832  (Isis,  p.  1228.).    It  is  coequal  with  Plectrophora  of  Mr.  Gray  (1833-1834.). 
t  Established  by  Mr.  Swainson  in  1837  (Class,  of  Birds,  ii.  p.  344.). 
