pri: i )K  f n .1: 
These  small  birds  an  scattered  in  the  wanner  and  temperate  parts  of  the  Old  World  and  Australia.  They  migrate 
iii  large  flocks  from  the  temperate  OOnntriea  to  the  wanner  Localities  on  the  approach  of  the  cold  season.  It  is  in  wcll- 
Ooitivated  districts  that  tiny  arc  more  generally  found  in  pairs,  amongst  the  tufts  of  grass,  near  water-courses  and 
I  Is.     Some  species  prefer  only  rocky  places  amidst  low  hushes,  others  the  elevated  tahle  lands  and  slopes  of  the 
mountain-,  among  the  tufta  of  reeds  and  grass.  Their  food  consists  of  grain,  various  kinds  of  seeds,  insects,  and  worms. 
The  m  -t  is  scratched  on  the  ground  in  the  form  of  a  slight  hollow,  wherein  the  female  deposits  from  six  to  fourteen 
i.  C.  oemmunU  Bonn.  PL  enL  170. — Tetrao  coturnix  Linn.; 
(  .iiiniii\  il.it  i\ h  ,. ii. ins  M.yer;  C.  europnra  Swains.;  C.  vulgaris 
Jttrd.  Gould,  i».  of  Bur.  pL  86*8. 
'J.  ('.  fliivifim  lily tli ,  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Bcng.  xi.  p.  SOS. 
C.  ooromandeHca  (Gmel.)  Bonn.  PI.  coL  85.  —  Coturnix  tex- 
tile Trmm. 
I.  c.  torquata  Maud.  Kncy.  Moth.  p.  818. 
5.  ('.  yristii  (toml.)  Tcnilii. 
i).  (  .  rtiiiiliriirniii/i  (Lath.)  —  Cryptonix  rufus  Tcmm.  PI.  enl. 
ttT.  ;  TypS  Of  IVr.Iicula  Ilodys.  (1887). 
7.  (  .  A*inticti  ( Lath.). 
8.  C.  Argoondah  Bjkei,  Proc.  Z.  S.  1832.  p.  153.,  Trans.  Zool. 
Soc.  ii.  pL  8. 
o.  C.  rubiginota  (Valenc.)  —  Coturnix  pen  tali  Syket,  Proc.  Z.  S. 
1832.  p.  153.,  Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  ii.  pi.  3.,  Gray,  111.  Intl.  Zool.  ii.  pi. 
45.  f.  8. 
10.  C.  erythrorhyncha  Sykcs,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1832.  p.  158., 
Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  LL pi.  I.,  Gray,  III.  Ind.  Zool.  ii.  pi.  44.  f.  2. 
11.  V.  australis  (Lath.)  Temm.  Lamb.  Icon.  ined.  i.  6'0.,  Enry. 
Moth,  t.  237-  f.  3.,  Gould,  Syn.  of  Austr.  B.  pi.  (head)  B.  of  Austr. 
pi.  ;  Type  of  Synoicus  Gould  (1843). 
12.  C.  pectoralis  Gould,  Syn.  Austr.  B.  p.  .  pi.  (head). 
13.  C.  nova;  zealandia*  Quoy.  et  Gaim.  Voy.  de  l'Astrol.  Ois. 
t.  14.  f.  1.,  Gould,  Syn.  Austr.  B.  pi.  (head)  Voy.  of  Ereb.  and  Terr. 
Birds,  pi.  8. 
14.  C.  chinensis  (Linn.)    Edwards's   Birds,  pi.  247  Tetrao 
manillenaia  Gmel.  Sonn.  Voy.  t.  24.,  PI.  enl.  126".  f.  2. ;  Coturnix 
excalfactoria  Trmm. ;  C.  sinensis  Bonn. 
15.  C.  novaj guinea;  (Gmel.)  Sonn.  Voy.  Ind.  ii.  1. 105  Oriolus 
coturnix  Scop. 
Rollulus  Bonn* 
Bill  short,  more  or  less  strong,  broad  at  the  base,  and  the  sides  compressed  towards  the  tip,  with  the 
apical  half  of  the  bill  arched  and  vaulted;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  and  covered  with  a  membrane,  with 
a  longitudinal  slit.  Wings  short  and  rounded,  with  the  third  and  fourth  quills  the  longest.  Tail  short, 
mostly  concealed  by  the  coverts,  and  pendant.  7am  much  longer  than  the  middle  toe,  not  armed  with 
:i  spur  or  tubercle,  and  covered  with  broad  scales  divided  on  the  inner  side.  Toes  moderate,  and 
united  at  their  base,  and  the  lateral  toe  nearly  equal;  the  claws  moderate  and  slightly  curved;  that  of 
the  hind  toe  wanting. 
The  species  are  found  only  in  the  Indian  Archipelago. 
1.  R.  ronlrnul    (Scop.)    Del.  Flor.  et  Faun.  Insub  Columba     gineus  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  i v.  349- ;  C.  Dussumieri  Less.  Belang. 
cristata  Gmel.  ;  Tetrao  porphyrio  Shaw  ;  T.  viridis  Gmel.  ;  Perdix     Voy.  Ind.  Or.  t.  7;  Gray,  111.  Ind.  Zool.  ii.  pi.  45.  f.  1. 
coronata  Lath.  PI.  col.  350,  351.,  Gal.  des  Ois.  t.  210.  3.  R.  ocellatus  (Raffl.)  Linn.  Trans,  xiii.  322.,  Gray,  111.  Ind. 
2.  R.  niger  (Vigors)    Zool.  Journ.  iv.  349  Cryptonix  ferru-     Zool.  pi.  58. 
Caccaris  Kaup.f 
BUI  short,  with  the  culmen  arched  and  vaulted  to  the  tip ;  the  sides  compressed,  and  the  lateral 
margins  slightly  curved  ;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  and  the  nasal  groove  covered  with  small  plumes, 
•  This  genus  was  published  in  the  Encyclopedic  Methodique  by  Bonnaterre  in  1790.  Cryptonyx  (1815)  of  M.  Temminck,  and  Liponyx 
(181 6)  of  Vieillot  are  synonymous. 
t  M.  Kaup  established  this  genus  in  1829  (Naturl.  Syst.  p.  183.).  Chacura  (1837)  of  Mr.  Hodgson  is  synonymous;  this  he  changed 
in  184-4-  to  Pyctes.    It  embraces  Alectoris  of  Mr.  Kaup  (1829). 
