Order  V.  GALLING. 
Family  IV.  Tetraonid^c. 
The  fourth  Subfamily, 
TETRAONINiE,  or  Grouse, 
have  the  Bill  short,  broader  than  elevated  at  the  base  ;  the  sides  gradually  compressed  to  the  tip ;  the 
Nostrils  entirely  clothed  with  small  feathers  ;  the  Wings  moderate  and  rounded  ;  the  Tail  ample,  and  of 
various  forms ;  the  Tarsi  moderate,  more  or  less  clothed  with  feathers ;  the  Toes  long,  and  sometimes 
covered  with  feathers. 
Tetrao  Linn.* 
Bill  short,  strong,  broader  than  elevated  at  the  base,  with  the  culmen  curved  from  the  base  to  the  tip; 
and  the  sides  gradually  compressed  ;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  and  the  nasal  membrane  entirely  clothed 
with  small  closely  set  feathers.  Wings  short,  concave,  and  rounded,  with  the  third  and  fourth  quills 
the  longest.  Tail  moderate,  of  various  forms.  Tarsi  as  long  as  the  middle  toe,  and  feathered  to  the 
base  of  the  toes.  Toes  long,  covered  and  pectinated  on  the  sides  with  rough  scales ;  the  hind  toe  short 
and  slightly  elevated  ;  the  claws  short  and  curved.  The  eyebrows  naked,  with  a  red,  papillose,  and 
fringed  skin. 
These  birds  are  residents  of  the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and  America,  inhabiting  the  large  pine  and  spruce  forests, 
especially  of  the  higher  mountains,  barren  and  bushy  plains,  and  cedar  swamps.  During  the  autumn  and  winter  the 
male  birds  congregate,  and  live  harmoniously  together  until  the  return  of  spring,  when  the  males  separate,  and  each 
chooses  some  particular  spot,  to  which  he  entices  a  female,  who  attends  entirely  to  the  hatching  of  the  young.  They 
reside  principally  on  the  ground  during  the  summer,  but  in  the  winter  they  seek  the  trees,  whereon  they  chiefly 
find  their  food,  which  consists  of  seeds  and  berries  of  alpine  plants  and  trees,  and  the  tender  shoots  of  pines,  firs, 
and  birch,  &c.  They  often  visit  arable  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  their  retreats,  and  even  approach  the  habitations  of 
man  during  winter,  mixing  with  the  poultry  in  their  repast.  The  nest  is  composed  of  a  few  stalks  of  grass  placed  on 
the  ground,  especially  in  marshy  places,  concealed  by  a  tuft  of  tall  grass  or  a  low  bush ;  the  female  deposits  from  six  to 
ten  eggs. 
1.  T.  Urogallus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  73,  74. —  Urogallus  major  Briss. 
Gould's  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  248. 
2.  T.  hybridus  Linn.  Sparr.  Mus.  Carls,  t.  15.  —  Tetrao  niedius 
Leisler,  Gould's  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  249- ;  T.  intermedius  Langsd.  Mem. 
l'Acad.  Petersb.  iii.  t.  14.  ;  T.  urogalloi'des  Nils. 
3.  T.  canadensis  Linn.  PI.  enl.  131. —  Tetrao  Canace  Linn.  PI. 
enl.  132.,  Pr.  Bonap.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  20.  21.  f.  2.  ;  T.  Franklini 
Doug/.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  pi.  6l,  62.,  Audubon's  Birds  of  Amer. 
pi.  176. 
4.  T.  obscurus  Say,  Pr.  Bonap.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  18.,  Faun.  Bor. 
Amer.  pi.  59,  60.  —  Tetrao  Franklini  Sabine,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer. 
pi.  361. 
5.  T.  Cupido  Linn.  Catesb.  Carol.  App.pl.  I.,  Wils.  Amer.  Orn. 
pi.  27-  f.  1.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  186. 
6.  T.  Urophasianus  Pr.  Bonap.  Zool.  Journ.  iii.  212.,  Amer.  Orn. 
pi.  21.,  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  pi.  58.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  371- 1 
Type  of  Centrocercus  Swains.  (1831). 
7.  T.  Phasianellus  Linn.  Edwards's  Birds,  pi.  1 17.,  Pr.  Bonap. 
Amer.  Orn.  pi.  19-  —  Tetrao  Urophasianellus  Dougl.  Audub.  B.  of 
Amer.  pi.  382. 
8.  T.  Tetrix  Linn.  PI.  enl.  172,  173.,  Gould's  B.  of  Eur.pl.  250., 
Jard.  &  Selby's  III.  Orn.  n.  s.  pi.  53.  47.,  Pall.  Zoogr.  ii.  t.  52.  — 
Type  of  Lyrurus  Swains.  (1831). 
9.  T.  Derbianus  Gould,  Proc.  Z.  S.  1837-  132. 
BONASA  S/cpJi.-f 
Distinguished  from  the  former  by  the  Tarsi  having  the  basal  half  clothed  with  long  hair-like  feathers, 
and  the  apical  part  naked,  and  covered  with  scales.    Toes  like  those  of  Tetrao. 
*  Establisbed  by  Linna?us  (Systema  Nature)  in  1735.  In  1777,  Scopoli  employed  Urogallus;  in  1829,  M.  Kaup  proposed  two 
divisions  under  the  names  of  Oreia.s  and  Attugen  ;  while,  in  1831,  Mr.  Swainson  also  made  two  other  divisions,  Lyrurus  and  Centrocercus: 
these  are  all  coequal  with  the  one  given  above. 
t  Established  by  Mr.  Stephens  {Gen.  Zool.  xi.  p.  298.)  in  I8I9.  In  1828,  the  Prince  of  Canino  used  Bonasia  ;  and,  in  1840,  Count 
Keyserling  and  Prof.  Blasius  employed  Tetrastes  for  the  same  type. 
