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surface  of  tin1  water,  on  which  they  generally  rest  during  tin-  night  ;  when  Fearful  of  danger  they  can  plunge  beneath 
its  surface  for  some  distance.  They  possess  great  power  and  rapidity  of  (light  ;  and  on  their  migration  they  mostly  move 
in  two  lines,  meeting  in  a  point  anteriorly.  The  nest  is  composed  of  vegetable  matter,  and  placed  among  rushes  in 
marshy  places;  the  female  lays  several  eggs. 
1.  A.  ferns  Gesn.  Naum.  VSgel,  t.  41.  f.  60.,  Gould's  B.  of  Eur. 
:>  1-7-  —  Anas  Anscr  I. inn.  ;  Anser  cinereus  Meyer;  Auscr  vul- 
garis Pall.  ;  Anscr  palustris  Firm. 
2.  \.m  i/i  linn  ((iiiK'l.)  Mcy.  PI.  enl.  <)85.  —  Anscr  sylvestris Briss. 
8.  A.  erythroput  (Lion.)  Flem.  Edward's  Birds,  pi.  158.  —  Anas 
albifrons  (inn/.  ;  Anas  Casarca  S.  G.  Gmel. 
V.  A.  liruvhi  Urchin.  —  Anas  albifrons  Fab.;  Anas  medillfl 
Temin.  ;  Anas  intcrnicdius  Xnnni.  Vog.  t.  288. 
5.  A.  brtviroatrU  (Bon.)  Meek. —  Anas  cinerasccn  s  Brehm  ;  Anas 
minimis  Naum.  Vog.  t.  2<)o. 
(i.  A.  brarhyrhynrhnx  Baill.  Memoircs  dc  Soc.  d'Emulation 
d' Abbeville,  1833,  Yarr.  British  Birds,  pL  p.  6" 4.  —  Anser  phrr- 
nicopus  Bartlctt  ;    Anser  brevirostris   Thimcm.  ;    Anser  rufesctns 
Brehm,  ? 
7.  A.  hyperboretU  (Pall.)  Edwards's  Birds,  pi.  152.,  Wils.  Amer. 
Orn.  pL  68.  f.  5.  &  pi.  69.  f.  5.,  Pall.  Zoogr.  t.  65.  —  Anser  niveus 
Briss.  ;  Anas  crerulescens  Linn.  ;  A.  nivalis  Fortt.  ;  Type  of  Chen 
Boie  (1822). 
8.  A.  eygnoides  (Linn.)  PI.  enl.  347.,  Pall.  Zoogr.  t.  64.?  — 
Anser  guineensis  Briss.  ;  Type  of  Cygnopsis  Brandt  (18.36). 
Bernicla  Steph.* 
Hill  shorter  than  the  head  ;  the  culmen  elevated  at  the  base,  and  gradually  sloping  towards  the  tip, 
which  is  armed  with  a  large  broad  nail;  the  lateral  margins  membranous,  widening  posteriorly,  and 
furnished  interiorly  with  lamellee  that  are  not  exposed,  but  short  and  widely  set ;  the  nostrils  large,  with 
the  opening  linear,  longitudinal,  and  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  bill.  Wings  long  and  pointed,  with 
the  first  and  second  quills,  and  sometimes  the  second  only,  the  longest.  Tail  short  and  rounded.  Tarsi 
shorter  than  the  middle  toe,  and  covered  with  small  scales.  Toes  short,  and  united  by  an  indented  web, 
and  the  lateral  ones  unequal;  the  hind  toe  very  short,  slightly  elevated,  and  simple. 
These  birds  migrate  from  the  high  northern  latitudes  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  where  they  have  passed  the 
summer,  to  the  more  genial  parts  for  the  winter  months;  some  are  peculiar  to  the  southern  portions  of  South  America, 
to  the  Falkland  Isles,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  Chili.  They  usually  frequent  the  marshy  grounds  that  are  occa- 
sionally overflowed  by  the  high  tides,  and  the  coasts  and  rocks,  on  which  they  can  find  the  marine  grasses  and  algaa 
upon  which  they  feed.  Some  species  are  never  seen  near  the  sea  or  even  near  fresh  water,  but  entirely  wander  about 
the  interior  in  pairs  or  small  flocks,  living  on  grasses,  berries'  &c.  The  nest  is  composed  of  vegetable  matter,  wherein 
the  female  lays  from  ten  to  twelve  eggs. 
1.  B.  Brenta  (Pall.)  Steph.  PL  enl.  342.,  Wils.  Amer.  Orn. 
pi.  72.  f.  1.  —  Anas  Bernicla  Linn. ;  A.  torquata  Belon. 
2.  B.  lenropsis  (Bechst.)  Steph.  PI.  enl.  855.  —  Anas  erythropus 
Gmrl.  ;  Anser  Bernicla  Pall. 
3.  B.jubata  (Lath.)  Steph. 
4.  B.  antarctica  (Gmel.)  Steph.  Voy.  de  la  Coqu.  Ois.  t.  50  — 
Anas  magellanica  Span:  Mus.  Carls,  f.  37.  ;  A.  Ganta  Forst.  Desc. 
Anim.  p.  336.  et  Icon.  ined.  66.  ;  A.  hybrida  Mol. ;  Anser  can- 
didus  Vieill.  ;  Anas  chionis  Illig. 
5.  B.  melanoptera  (Eyton),  Voy.  of  Beagle,  Birds,  pi.  50. 
6.  B.  inornata  (King),  Proc.Z.  S.  1830.  15.  —  Anas  cana  Gmel.} 
Brown's  111.  Zool.  pi.  41,  42.? 
7.  B.  ranagica  (Sewast.)  Nov.  Act.  Petrop.  xiii.  p.  346.  t.  1 0., 
Brandt's  Desc.  et  Icones  &c.  Faun.  Ross.  1.  t.  — Anser  pictus  Pall. 
Zoogr.  1 1 .  233.  t.  67. 
8.  B.  ruficollis  (Pall.)  Steph.  Pall.  Spic.  vi.  t.  4.,  Pall.  Zoogr. 
t.  67-  — Anas  torquata  Gmel. 
9.  B.  magellanica  (Gmel.)  PI.  enl.  1006. — Anas  picta  Gmel. 
Forst.  Desc.  Anim.  p.  333.  et  Icon.  ined.  65.  ;  An.  leucoptera 
Gmel.  Brown  Illustr.  Zool.  pi.  40. ;  Type  of  Chloephaga  Eyton 
(1838). 
10.  B.  sandwichensis  (Vigors),  Proc.  Z.  S.  1834,  Jard.  &  Selby's 
111.  Orn.  n.  s.  pi.  8.  —  Anser  hawaiiensis  Eyd.  Sf  Souley.  Voy.  de  la 
Bonite,  Ois.  t.  10. 
11.  B.  anticola  (Tschudi)  —  Anser  montana  Tschudi,  Wiegm. 
Arch.  1843.  1.890. 
*  Established  by  Mr.  Stephens  in  {Gen.  Zool,  xii.  pt.  2.  p.  45.)  1824  ;  and  it  embraces  Chloephaga  (1838)  of  Mr.  Eyton. 
