FULIGULIM  l 
the  fresh-water  lakes  and  rivers  ;  but  sonic  arc  more  especially  found  on  the  sea  shore.  Their  food  consists  principally 
of  small  bivalve  and  univalve  shells,  which  they  dive  for,  or  for  which  they  search  the  pools  that  are  left  on  the  Band 
banks  alter  the  tide  has  receded,  or  on  the  muddy  shores  that  arc  found  on  some  coasts.  Others  feed  principally  on 
the  roots  of  aquatic  plants. 
1.  P.  orittata  (Kay),  PLenL  1001.  1007 — Anas  FuligulaLinn. ; 
Anas  Colyinbis  Pull.  ;  Anas  scandiaca  Gmel.  ;  Anas  latirostra  Brim. ; 
Anas  notata  BodtL 
2.  F.  col/aria  (Don.)  IV.  Bonap.,  Donov.  Brit.  Birds,  pi.  147 •  — 
Anas  Fuligula  ll'i/x.  Amer.  Ornithol.  pi,  (>7.  f.  5.  ;  Anas  rutitorques 
J'r.  Jialltl/i. 
3.  F.  Marila  (Linn.)  Steph.  PI.  enl.  1002  Anas  frtcnata  Sparr. ; 
Anas  subterranea  Scop. 
4.  ?  F.  marihtdes  (Richards.)  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pL  6[).  f.  3. — 
Fuligula  afhnis  Eyton. 
5.  F.  novee  sealandia-  (Gmcl.)  Steph.  Forst.  Icon.  ined.  t.  79.  
Anas  atricilla  Forst.  MS. 
6*.  F.  metopias  (Poeppig),  Froriep's  Notizen  (1829)  No.  529., 
Hull.  Sci.  Nat.  1829.  p.  103. 
7.  ?  F.  rtifa  (Linn.)  Steph.  Penn.  Br.  Zool.  t.  99.,  S.  G.  Gniel. 
Rcisc,  ii.  t.  Hi. 
Nyroca  Flem.* 
Hill  as  long  as  the  head,  higher  at  the  base  than  broad;  the  culraen  gradually  sloping  towards  the  tip, 
which  is  depressed,  slightly  dilated,  and  armed  with  a  strong  nail;  the  lamella)  of  the  upper  mandible  not 
prominent ;  and  the  nostrils  oval,  and  placed  near  the  base.  Wings  lengthened  and  pointed,  with  the 
two  firsl  quills  the  longest.  Tail  short  and  rounded.  Tarsi  half  the  length  of  the  middle  toe,  and  com- 
pressed.   Toes  lengthened,  and  united  by  a  full  web. 
The  ducks  w  hich  compose  this  division  are  found  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  North 
America.  They  migrate  in  flocks  to  the  higher  latitudes  to  breed ;  and  are  generally  seen  on  the  fresh-water  lakes, 
rivers,  and  marshes,  but  usually  at  no  great  distance  from  the  sea,  and  occasionally  on  the  sea  shore,  expertly  diving 
for  their  food,  which  consists  of  aquatic  plants,  seeds,  and  insects.  The  nest  is  generally  placed  in  the  reeds,  &c,  that 
border  the  edge  of  lakes  and  rivers ;  it  is  formed  of  dried  vegetable  matter,  and  they  deposit  therein  from  eight  to  ten 
egga- 
1.  'N.ferina  (Linn.)  Flem.  PI.  enl.  803. — Anas  rufa  Gmel.;  Anas  Nyroca  Gueld.  ;  Anas  peregrina  Gmel.  ;  ?  Anas  africana  Gmel.  ; 
ruficollis  Scop.  Anas  Gmelini  Lath.  S.  G.  Gmel.  Reise,  ii.  t.  16. ;   Anas  Glaucion 
2.  ?  N.  americana  (Pr.  Bonap.)  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  70.  f.  6. —  Pall. 
Anas  ferina  Wils.  5.  N.  australis  Gould,  Eyton's  Anat.  p.  160. 
3.  N.  Valisneria  (Wils.)  Steph.  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  70.  f.  5.  6*.  N.  brunnea  Eyton,  Anat.pl.  p.  l6l. 
4.  N.  leucophthalma  (Bechst.)  Flem.  PI.  enlumin.  1000.  —  Anas  [      7-  ?  N.fulva  (Gmel.). 
Clangula  Flem.-\ 
Bill  shorter  than  the  head,  narrower  than  high  at  the  base ;  the  culmen  gradually  sloping  to  the  tip, 
which  is  armed  with  a  strong  broad  nail ;  the  sides  narrowing  towards  the  tip,  the  lateral  margins 
straight,  membranous,  and  then  curved  upwards  to  the  nail  ;  the  lamella?  of  the  upper  mandible  not 
prominent,  and  widely  set ;  and  the  nostrils  oval,  large,  and  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  bill.  Wings 
moderate,  acute,  with  the  two  first  quills  the  longest.  Tail  rather  long,  and  graduated.  Tarsi  much 
shorter  than  the  middle  toe,  and  compressed.     Toes  lengthened,  and  united  by  a  full  web. 
They  are  inhabitants  of  the  Arctic  regions,  from  whence  they  migrate  to  the  south  on  the  approach  of  the  winter 
season.    Usually  seen  in  small  parties  on  fresh  lakes  and  the  larger  rivers,  and  sometimes  on  the  sea  shore.  Their  flight 
*  Established  by  Dr.  Fleming  {Phil,  of  Zool.  ii.  p.  260.)  in  1822  ;  but  M.  Boie,  in  the  same  year,  proposed  Aythya. 
t  Established  by  Dr.  Fleming  {Phil  of  Zool.  ii.  p.  26'0.)  in  1822.  In  1828,  M.  Lesson  proposed  Histrionicus ;  while,  in  1829,  M.  Kaup 
used  Glaucion  for  this  division. 
