SPHENISCIN  E 
and  advancing  upwards;  the  nostrils  linear,  placed  in  the  lateral  groove,  which  extends  for  three  fourths 
of  the  length  of  the  bill ;  and  the  frontal  plumes  advancing  to  the  opening.  Wings  imperfect.  Tail  long, 
and  composed  of  narrow  rigid  feathers.  Tarsi  very  short,  much  flattened,  and  covered  with  small 
scales.  Toes  long  and  strong,  with  the  anterior  ones  united  to  the  middle  one  by  a  web,  the  lateral 
toes  unequal,  the  outer  the  longest ;  the  hind  toe  very  small,  and  united  to  the  tarsus  at  the  base  of  the 
inner  toe  ;  the  elaws  strong,  compressed,  and  slightly  curved. 
These  birds  are  found  in  the  Southern  Ocean,  where  they  are  observed  scattered  even  in  the  most  southern  latitudes 
in  small  parties  in  the  open  ocean,  or  are  seen  standing  erect  on  the  floating  fields  of*  ice,  but  as  the  breeding  season 
advances  they  approach  the  islands  and  mainland,  at  which  time  they  frequent  in  immense  flocks  the  rocks  in  the  deep 
bays  and  harbours,  and  sometimes  at  the  mouths  of  salt-water  rivers.  Their  power  of  swimming  is  very  great ;  and  they 
arc  seen  at  times  skipping  continually  in  and  out  of  the  water,  making  their  way  with  amazing  speed,  even  amidst  the 
waves  of  the  most  troubled  sea,  by  means  of  their  fin-like  wings,  as  well  as  with  the  assistance  of  their  webbed  feet.  It 
has  been  stated  that  they  can  dive  even  during  the  severest  gale  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  where,  among  beds  of  corals 
and  tracts  of  sea  weeds,  they  move  about  in  search  of  Crustacea,  small  fish,  and  marine  plants.  The  eggs,  two  in 
number,  are  deposited  in  a  slight  depression  on  the  ground,  or  in  burrows  on  the  sides  of  mounds  of  the  tussac-grass. 
Tin  y  remain  with  their  young  for  several  months  ;  the  latter  are  clothed  in  down  until  they  are  nearly  the  size  of 
I  heir  parent,  w  hen  they  put  on  the  adult  plumage,  which  process  is  very  suddenly  performed.  The  parents  take  the 
young  birds  ill' shore  to  teach  them  to  swim,  and  often  adopt  some  artifice  when  they  refuse  to  take  the  water,  such  as 
enticing  them  to  the  side  of  a  rock,  and  pushing  them  in.  They  proceed  with  them  for  several  successive  days  to  the 
distance  of  four  or  five  miles,  in  order  to  accustom  them  to  the  element  on  which  they  are  destined  chiefly  to  live,  until 
thev  arc  sufficiently  strong  to  endure  the  roughness  of  the  sea,  on  which  these  birds  have  been  observed  at  a  distance  of 
more  than  three  hundred  miles  from  any  land.  Their  cries  are  hoarse  and  discordant,  and  approach  those  of 
certain  quadrupeds. 
1.  E.  chrysocome  (Forst.)  Comment.  Goett.  iii.  t.  1.  —  Pingui- 
naria  cristata  Shaw,  Nat.  Misc.  pi.  437- ;  Aptenodytes  catarractes 
Forst.  Edwards's  Birds,  pi.  49- ;  Apt.  gorfua  Bonn.  PI.  enl.  984.  ? 
2.  E.  chrysolophus  Brandt,  Bull.  Sci.  l'Acad.  de  St.  Petersb.  ii. 
p.  314.,  Forst.  Icon.  ined.  80. 
3.  E.  antarctica  (Forst.)  Comment.  Goett.  iii.  t.  4.,  Forst.  Icon, 
ined.  82.,  Descr.  Anim.  p.  56".,  Voy.  Ereb.  &  Terr.  Birds,  pi.  26. 
4.  E.  torquata  (Forst.)  Comment.  Goett.  iii.  p.  146.,  Sonn.  Voy. 
t.  114.  — Aptenodyta  platyrhyngos  Scop. 
5.  E.  papua  (Forst.)  Comment.  Goett.  iii.  t.  3.,  Sonn.  Voy.  t. 
115.,  Vieill.  Gal.  des  Ois.  t.  299.,  Voy.  Ereb.  &  Terr.  Birds, 
pi.  25. 
6.  E.  antipoda  (Homb.  &  Jacq.)  Ann.  des  Sci.Nat.  1841.  p.  320., 
Voy.  au  Pole  Sud,  Ois.  t.  33.  f.  2.,  Voy.  Ereb.  &  Terr.  Birds,  pi.  27. 
7.  E.  Adelice  (Homb.  &  Jacq.)  Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.  1841.  p.  320. 
Voy.  au  Pole  Sud,  Ois.  t.  33.  f.  1.,  Voy.  Ereb.  &  Terr.  Birds,  pi.  28. 
—  Pygoscelis  brevirostris  G.  R.  Gray  ;  Type  of  Dasyramphus 
Homb.  Sf  Jacq.  (1846). 
8.  E.  minor  (Forst.)  Comment.  Goett.  iii.  p.  1 47.,  Lath.  Gen. 
Syn.pl.  103.,  Forst.  Icon.  ined.  84,  85.,  Desc.  Anim. p.  101.,  Gould, 
B.  of  Austr.  pi.  —  Apt.  undina  Gould  ? 
9.  E.  brasiliensis  (Licht.)  Forst.  Descr.  Anim.  p.  355. 
10.  E.  palpebrata  (Licht.)  Forst.  Descr.  Anim.  p.  356. 
11.  B.  pachyrhynchus  G.  R.Gray,  Voy.  Ereb.  &  Terr.  Birds,  p.  17. 
Aptenodytes  Forst.* 
Bill  longer  than  the  head,  rather  slender,  compressed  on  the  sides,  slightly  bent  at  the  end,  with  the 
base  of  the  upper  mandible  covered  with  short  close-set  plumes,  and  the  side  grooved  to  near  the  tip, 
which  is  acute  ;  the  lower  mandible  covered  with  a  smooth  naked  skin  ;  the  nostrils  linear,  and  placed 
in  the  lateral  groove.  Wings  imperfect,  and  covered  with  scale-like  plumes.  Tail  very  short,  and 
composed  of  narrow  rigid  feathers.    Tarsi  very  short,  flattened,  and  covered  with  short  plumes.  Toes 
*  Established  by  Forster  in  1788  (Enchir.  Hist.  Nat.  p.  38.).    Spheniscus  of  Scopoli  (1777),  Apterodita  of  Gmelin  (1788),  and 
Pingubiaria  of  Shaw  are  synonymous. 
5  c 
