I.  AIM. VI'.. 
1.  8,  paratiticut  (BrQnn.)  Orn.  Nor.  127.  —  Catarractes paraaita 
/'<///.:  Leatris  Richardsoui  Strains.  Gould)  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  44-1., 
Audub.  H.  of  Amer.  pi.  27~. 
2.  8.  oephui  (BrQnn.)  Orn.  Bor.  126.,  PL  enl.  991.762.— 
1.  i  ,s  parasiticus  Strains.  ;  I..  crepidatUS  Temm.  \  I,.  Buffbni  //«»/<•, 
Oould,  1$.  of  Bur.  pi.  1 12.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  267. 
3.  s.  pomarinut Temm.  Man.  d'Orn.  ii.  p.,  Hriss.  Orn.  \  i.  t.  IS.  f. 
2,  Catarractei  parasite  var.  carnUchatica  Pall.  ;  Lama  parasiticus 
Meyer,  Gould,  B.  of  Bur.  pi.  1  io.,  Audub.  1$.  of  Amer.  pi.  9,58. ; 
Stcrcorarius  Lcssonii  Dryland.  ? 
4.  S.  ctitarrhartcx  ( Linn.)  —  Catnrracta  skun  liriinn.  Gould,  It., 
of  Bur.  pi.  489-  J  Larus  fuscus  Hrixs.  •  Stcrcorarius  pomarinus 
VieUL  Gal.  del  Ois.  t.  288. 
5.  S.  antarcticun  (Less.)  —  Lestris  cataractcs  Qnoy  it  Oaim. 
Voy.  de  l'Uranie,  Ois.  t.  .'58. 
R 1 1 o dost et  1 1 1 a  Macgill. * 
Bill  short,  slender,  straight,  with  the  cuhnen  straight  at  the  base  and  curved  at  the  tip,  the  sides 
compressed,  the  gonvs  short,  advancing  upwards,  and  scarcely  angulated  ;  the  nostrils  lateral  and 
submodial.  Wings  lengthened  and  pointed,  with  the  first  quill  the  longest.  Tail  moderate  and 
wedge-shaped.  Tarsi  strong,  as  long  as  the  middle  toe.  Toes  moderate,  the  anterior  ones  united  by  a 
full  web;  the  hind  toe  short  and  elevated. 
The  type  of  this  m  inis  was  taken  in  the  high  northern  latitudes.  Its  habits  and  manners  have  not  been  observed. 
Tt  may  be  only  a  young  bird. 
K.  Rotsii  (Sabine)  Macgill.  —  Larus  roseus  Jard.  §  Selby,  111.  Orn.  pi.  14.,  Wils.  Illustr.  Zool.  pi.  8. 
Larus  Linn.\ 
Bill  more  or  less  strong,  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  head,  straight,  and  laterally  compressed, 
with  the  culmen  straight  at  the  base,  and  arched  to  the  tip,  thegonys  slightly  angulated  and  advancing 
upwards;  the  nostrils  lateral,  with  the  opening  near  the  middle  of  the  bill,  and  longitudinal.  Wings 
Lengthened  and  pointed,  with  the  first  quill  the  longest.  Tail  moderate  and  even.  Tarsi  nearly  as  long 
as  the  middle  toe,  strong,  and  covered  in  front  with  transverse  scales.  Toes  moderate,  the  anterior 
ones  united  by  a  full  web  ;  the  hind  toe  short  and  elevated. 
These  birds  arc  scattered  over  the  marine  portions  of  the  entire  world  ;  sometimes  during  the  spring  and  summer 
they  arc  found  in  flocks  in  the  marshes,  on  the  borders  of  rivers,  and  in  the  cultivated  lands,  where  they  seek  for 
worms,  insects,  and  their  larva?.  They  return  to  the  sea  coast  on  the  approach  of  autumn  and  winter,  subsisting 
principally  on  small  fish  and  worms,  which  they  obtain  from  the  refuse  left  on  the  shore  after  the  tide  retires,  and  are 
especially  fond  of  the  spawn  of  crustaccous  animals.  These  birds  attack  the  weaker  species  as  soon  as  they  observe  that 
they  have  been  fortunate  enough  to  catch  a  fish,  wdien  they  dart  down  upon  them,  and  cause  them  instantly  to  disgorge 
tlu  ir  prize.  If  the  winter  proves  severe,  these  birds  migrate  further  south,  until  they  find  a  more  genial  climate.  Their 
flight  is  easy  and  buoyant;  and,  when  about  to  migrate,  the  flock  ascends  to  a  considerable  height,  and  then  moves  off 
in  a  continuous  line  to  its  destination.  The  nest  is  formed  of  dry  coarse  grass  or  sea  weeds,  wherein  are  deposited 
three  or  four  eggs. 
*  This  was  proposed  by  Mr.  Macgillivray  in  1842  {Man.  of  Ornith.  ii.  2.52.)  in  the  place  of  Rostia,  which  had  been  established  in  1838, 
as  that  name  had  been  previously  employed. 
f  It  was  in  1735  that  Linnseus  established  this  genus.  Leuctts,  Gavia,  IchthyaUus,  and  Efydrocokeus  of  M.  Kaup  (1829),  Laroides  of 
M.  Brehm  (1830),  and  Chroirocephalax  of  Mr.  Eyton  (1836)  are  synonymous  with  the  word  employed.  This  latter  name  was  changed  by 
Mr.  Strickland  to  Chrwrorephnlitx  (1841). 
3  i 
