LAJJLVK. 
r.  L.  glaucus  Briin.  Orn.  Bor.  p.  41.,  Naum.  Vog.  t.  35.,  Gould, 
B.  of  Eur.  pi.  132.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  396.  —  Larus  glacialis 
et  L.  giganteus  Benich  ;  L.  consul  Bote;  L.  leucopterus  Vieill. 
2.  L.  marinus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  266.  990.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  430. 
—  Larus  ntevius  Gmel. ;  L.  maculatus  Bodd.  ;  L.  maximus,  L. 
Mulleri  et  L.  Fabricii  Brehm.  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  241. 
3.  L.  leucopterus  Faber,  Prod,  der  I  si.  Orn.  91  •>  Gould,  B.  of  Eur. 
pi.  433. —  Larus  islandicus  Edmond. ;  L.  argentatus  Sabine;  L. 
glacialis  et  L.  arcticus  Macgill.  ;  L.  glaucoides  Temm. 
4.  L.  argentatus  Briin.  Orn.  Bor.  44.,  PI.  enl.  253.  —  Larus 
glaucus  Benich. ;  Laroides  major,  L.  argentatus,  L.  argenteus,  L. 
argentatoi'des,  et  L.  argentaceus  Brehm.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  434., 
Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  291. ;  Type  of  Laroides  Brehm  (1830). 
5.  ?  L.  cachinnans  Pall.  Zoogr.  ii.  p.  318. 
6.  L./uscus  Linn.  Naum.  Voy.  t.  36.  f.  51.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur. 
pi.  431. —  Larus  flavipes  Mey.S?  Wolf. 
7.  L.  dominicanus  Licht.  Cat.  Dupl.  Berl.  Mus.  No.  846.,  Azara 
No.  499- 
8.  L.  pacificus  Lath.  Lamb.  Icon.  ined.  ii.  92.  —  Larus  leucomelas 
Vieill.  Ency.  Me'th.  t.  234.  f.  4.  ;  L.  Georgii  Vigors ;  L.  bathy- 
rhynchus  Macgill.  ;  L.  frontalis  Vieill.  ? 
9.  L.  crassirostris  Vieill.  N.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  xxi.  508.,  Krusenst. 
Voy.  aut.  du  Monde  t.  57.  —  Larus  melanurus  Temm.  PI.  col.  459- 
10.  L.  ichthyaetus  Pall.  Reise,  ii.  713.,  Zoogr.  ii.  322.  t.  77-, 
Riipp.  Atlas,  t.  17.  —  Ichthyaetus  Pallasi  Kaup  ;  L.  kroikocephalus 
James.  ;  Type  of  Ichthyaetus  Kaup  (1829). 
11.  L.  hcematorhynchus  King,  Zool.  Journ.  iv.  103.,  Jard.  & 
Selby,  111.  Orn.pl.  106. — Larus  Scoresbii  Trail. 
12.  L.  fuliginosus  Gould,  Voy.  of  Beagle,  Birds,  p.  141. 
13.  L.  nova  hollandite  Steph.  Gen.  Zool.  xiii.  196. — Larus 
Jamesoni  JVils.  111.  of  Zool.  pi.  23.  ;  L.  scopolinus  Forst.  Desc. 
Anim.  p.  106.  et  Icon.  ined.  109- 
14.  L.  eanus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  977-,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  437.  — 
Larus  cyanorhynchus  Mey.  §  Wolf ;  L.  hybernus  Gmel. ;  L.  pro- 
cellus  Bechst. 
15.  L.  zonorhynchus  Rich.  &  Sw.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  p.  421., 
Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  p!.  42.  —  Larus  brachyrhynchus  Rich.  Sf  Sw. 
16.  L.  occidentalis  Aud.  Orn.  Biogr.  v.  320. 
17-  L.  Audouinii  Payr.  Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.  1826.  460.,  Faun. 
Franc,  t.  172.  f.  L,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  438.,  PI.  col.  480. 
1  8.  L.  pygmceus  St.  Vine.  Exp.  de  la  More'e,  Ois.  t.  5. 
19.  L.  ridibundus  Linn.  PI.  enl.  969,  970.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur. 
pi.  425. — Larus  cinerarius  et  L.  erythropus  Gmel.  ;  L.  atricilla  et 
L.  ncevia  Pall.  ;  Sterna  obscura  Lath. ;  L.  canescens  Bechst. ;  L.  ca- 
pistratus  Temm.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi. ;  Type  of  Chroicocephalus 
Eyton  (1836). 
20.  L.  melanocephalus  Temm.  Man.  p.  777.,  Stor.  degli  Ucc.  t. 
527-  526.  528.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  427. 
21.  L.  Bonapartei  Rich.  &  Sw.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.,  Audub.  B.  of 
Amer.  pi.  324  Larus  capistratus  Pr.  Bonap. 
22.  L.  Franklinii  Rich.&  Sw.  Faun.  Bor.  Amer.  424.  pi.  17. — 
Larus  atricilla  Sabine. 
23.  L.  pipixcan  Wagl.  Isis,  1831.515. 
24.  L.  atricillus  Linn.  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  426.  —  Larus 
ridibundus  Wils.  Amer.  Orn.  pi.  74.  f.  4.  ;  L.  major  Catesby ;  L. 
poliocephalus  Temm.?  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  314. ;  L.  albus 
Scop. 
25.  L.  leucopthalmus  Licht.  PI.  col.  366. 
26.  L.  gelastes  Licht.  Thien.  Fortpfl.  Vog.  Eur.  v.  22.  —  Larus 
tenuirostris  Temm-  ;  L.  cinerarius  Pall. ;  L.  leucocephalus  Boiss.  ; 
L.  Genei  Breme. ;  L.  Lambruschinii  Pr.  Bonap.  Faun.  ltal.  Ois.  t. 
27.  L.  brunneicephalus  Jerd.  Madr.  Journ.  1840.  225. 
28.  L.  cirrocephalus  Vieill.  N.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  xxi.  502.,  Gal.  des 
Ois.  t.  289-  —  Larus  maculipennis  Licht.  ;  L.  poliocephalus  Pr. 
Max.  ;  L.  glaucotes  Meyen,  Nov.  Act.  1834.  t.  24.  ;  L.  albipennis 
Licht.  Azara  No.  410.  411. 
29.  L.  .  —  L.  poliocephalus  Swains.  B.  of  W.  Afr.ii.245. 
pi.  29. 
30.  L.  melanorhynchus  Temm.  PI.  col.  504. 
31.  L.  serranus  Tschudi,  Faun.  Peruana,  p.  54. 
32.  L.  Belcheri  Vigors,  Zool.  Journ.  iv.  358. 
33.  L.  modestus  Tschudi,  Faun.  Peruana,  p.  54.  —  L.  Bridgesii 
Fras. 
34.  L.  min  ut us  Pall.  Reise,  iii.  704. —  Larus  atricilloides  Falk. 
Reise,  t.  24.,  Gould,  B.  of  Eur.  pi.  428. ;  Type  of  Hydrocolsus 
Kaup  (1829). 
35.  L.  D'Orbignyi  Aud.  Hist  de  l'Egypt.  Ois.  t.  9.  f.  3. 
36.  L.  nigrotis  Less.  Tr.  d'Om.  p.  619. 
37-  ?  L.  pulo  condor  Lath.  Sparrm.  Mus.  Carls,  t. 
Xema  Leach.* 
Bill  shorter  than  the  head,  rather  slender,  and  the  sides  compressed,  with  the  culmen  straight  at  the 
base,  but  curved  to  the  tip ;  the  gonys  angulated  and  advancing  upwards ;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  and 
longitudinal.  Wings  very  long  and  pointed,  with  the  first  quill  the  longest.  Tail  moderate  and  forked. 
Tarsi  as  long  as  the  middle  toe,  strong,  and  covered  in  front  with  transverse  scales.  Toes  moderate,  and 
the  anterior  ones  united  by  a  full  web ;  the  hind  toe  short  and  elevated. 
The  type  is  peculiar  to  the  arctic  circle  of  both  continents,  where  it  is  observed  to  seek  its  food  from  the  sea  beach, 
standing  near  the  edge  of  the  water,  and  gleaning  the  marine  insects  from  the  refuse  which  is  cast  on  shore.  It  migrates 
southwards  on  the  approach  of  hard  winter.  The  eggs  are  generally  two  in  number,  and  are  placed  on  the  bare  surface 
of  the  rocks. 
*  Established  by  Leach  in  1818  (Linn.  Trans,  xii.  520.). 
