PELECANIN2E. 
Graculus  Linn.* 
/>///  moderate,  straight,  somewhat  slender,  with  the  culmen  concave,  and  suddenly  hooked  at  the  tip; 
the  sides  compressed  and  grooved;  the  nostrils  basal,  lateral,  linear,  placed  in  the  lateral  groove,  and 
scarcely  visible.  Wint/s  moderate  and  pointed,  with  the  second  and  third  qnills  the  longest.  Tail 
moderate,  and  rounded  at  its  end.  Tursi  short,  one  third  shorter  than  the  middle  toe;  much  compressed 
and  covered  with  reticulated  scales.  Toes  long,  with  the  outer  toe  rather  longer  than  the  middle  one, 
and  all  four  united  by  a  full  web.  The  base  of  the  lower  mandible  is  furnished  with  a  coriaceous  pouch, 
which  is  capable  of  extension. 
The  species  of  this  genus  are  scattered  over  the  entire  world.  They  arc  found  generally  in  flocks  on  the  sea  coast  or 
on  small  islands,  but  often  wander  inland  visiting  lakes  and  rivers.  These  birds  are  dexterous  and  voracious  feeders, 
swimming  with  the  greater  part  of  their  bodies  beneath  the  surface;  and  are  capable  of  diving  with  very  great  velocity 
by  means  of  their  wings,  and  remaining  a  long  time  submerged  in  pursuit  of  their  prey,  which  consists  of  fish.  If  the 
fish  be  not  caught  with  the  forepart  of  the  head  in  the  mouth  of  the  bird,  it  becomes  necessary  for  the  bird  to  toss  it 
into  the  air,  and  dexterously  catch  it  again  by  the  front  of  the  head  in  its  descent,  so  that  the  fins  may  lie  flat,  and  thus 
facilitate  its  passage  through  the  gullet;  should  the  fish  prove  rather  too  large  for  the  gullet,  it  remains  there 
undergoing  a  preparatory  digestion  previously  to  its  passage  into  the  lower  part  of  the  stomach.  These  birds  arc 
often  seen  standing  on  the  points  of  rocks,  or  on  trees,  with  their  wings  expanded  for  some  minutes  at  a  time,  drying 
their  plumes.  The  nest  is  generally  composed  of  sea  weeds,  grasses,  and  other  coarse  materials,  commonly  heaped  up 
to  a  great  height ;  and  is  usually  placed  on  the  ledges  or  summits  of  almost  inaccessible  rocks,  or  on  trees.  The  female 
deposits  from  three  to  five  eggs. 
1 .  G.  urile  (Gmel.)  —  Phalacrocorax  pelagicus  Pall.  Zoogr.  ii. 
303.  t.  76.  ;  P.  bicristatus  Pall.  Zoogr.  t.  75.  f.  2. ;  P.  penicillatus 
Pall.  ? 
2.  G.  Carbo  (Linn.)  PI.  enl.  927-  —  Carbo  Cormoranus  Mey. 
Vieill.  Gal.  des  Ois.  t.  407.,  Audub.  13.  of  Amer.  pi.  26*6. 
3.  ?  G.  mcdius  (Nils.). 
4.  G.  sinensis  (Shaw),  Nat.  Misc.  pi.  520. —  Carbo  leucogaster 
Meyen,  Nova  Acta,  1833.  t.  22.  ;  G.  nudigula  Brandt  ;  Phalacro- 
corax leucotis  Myth ;  P.  fuscicollis  Steph.  ?  ;  C.  albicollis  Tick. 
5.  G.  carboides  (Gould),  Proc.  Z.S.  1837-  156.,  Birds  of  Austr.pl. 
6.  G.  Linnatii.  —  Pelecanus  Graculus  Linn.  ;  Carbo  cristatus 
Temm.  PI.  col.  322.  ;  Pelecanus  leucogaster  Vieill. 
7.  G.  Desmarestii  (Payr.)  Ann.  des  Sci.  Nat.  1826.  460.,  Gould's 
B.  of  Kurop.  pL  411. 
8.  G.  cristatus  (Fabr.)  —  Carbo  Graculus  Temm. 
9.  G.  capensis  (Sparr.)  AIus.  Carls,  t.  6l. 
10.  G.  lucidus  (Licht.)  Cat.  Dupl.  Berl.  Mus.  No.  000. 
11.  G.  sukirostrti  (Brandt),  Bull.  Acad.  Imp.  Petersb.  iii.p.  56. 
12.  G.  brasilianus  (Gmel.)  PI.  enl.  974.  ?,  Spix,  Av.  Bras.  ii.  t. 
106. —  Pelecanus  vigua  Vieill.;  Phalacrocorax  niger  King ;  Halieus 
gracilis  Meyen,  Nova  Acta,  1833.  t.  23.  Suppl. 
13.  G.  Nova  Hollandice  (Steph.)  Gen.  Zool.  xiii.  p.  93. ;  P.  ater 
Less. 
14.  G.  dilopluts  (Vieill.)  Gal.  des  Ois.  t.  275.  —  Carbo  auritus 
Less.,  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  257-  ;  C.  mexicanus  Brandt  ?  ;  Pha- 
lacrocorax floridanus  Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  251. ;  Ph.  Townsendii 
Audub.  B.  of  Amer.  pi.  41 2.  ;  Ph.  leuconotus  et  Ph.  leucurus  Audub.  ? 
15.  G.  violaceus  (Gmel.)  —  Phalacrocorax  resplendens  Audub. 
B.  of  Ainer.pl.  422.  f.  1. 
16.  G.  punctatus  (Gmel.)  Forst.  Desc.  Anim.  p.  104.  et  Icon, 
ined.  103.  —  Pelecanus  nawius  Gmel.  Gould's  B.  of  Austr.pl. 
17.  G.  Gaimardii  (Gam.)  Voy.  de  la  Coqu.  Ois.  t.  48.  —  Pha- 
lacrocorax cirriger  King. 
18.  G.  mayellanicus  (Gmel.)  Forst.  Desc.  Anim.  p.  356.  et  Icon, 
ined.  105.  —  Phalacrocorax  erythrops  Kiny. 
19.  G.  cirrhatus  (Gmel.) —  Pelecanus  carunculatus  Gmel.  Forst. 
Desc.  Anim.  p.  102.  et  Icon.  ined.  104.  ;  Phalacrocorax  imperialis 
Kiny  ;  Ph.  atriceps  Kiny  ?  ;  Carbo  leucotis  et  C.  albi venter  Less.  ? 
20.  G.  albiyula  (Brandt),  Tschudi  Bull.  Sci.  Acad.  Petersb. 
iii.  p.  57.  — Carbo  macrorhynchos  Less.  ? 
21.  G.  varius  (Gmel.)  —  Pelecanus  Pica  Forst.  Desc.  Anim. 
p.  104.  et  Icon.  ined.  106.  ;  Phalacrocorax  hypoleucus  Gould,  B.  of 
Austr.  pi. 
22.  G.  leucoyaster  (Gould),  Proc.  Z.  S.  1837.  156.,  B.  of  Austr. 
pi.  —  Carbo  hypoleucus  Brandt. 
23.  G.  melanoleucus  (Vieill.)  N.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  viii.  88.  — 
Phalacrocorax  flavirhynchus  Gould,  B.  of  Austr.  pi.  —  Pelecanus 
dimidiatus  Cuv.,  Less. 
24.  G.  brevirostris  (Gould),  Proc.  Z.  S.  1837.  26. 
25.  G.  pyymaus  (Pall.)  Pall.  Itin.  t.  9.,  Pall.  Zoogr.  t.  74.  f.  1. — 
Phalacrocorax  niger  Vieill.;  Carbo  javanicus  Horsf.  Gray's  111.  Ind. 
Zool.  1.  pi.  71.  11.  pi-  56.  ;  Carbo  melanognathus  Brandt. 
26.  G.  africanus  (Gmel.)  —  Carbo  longicaudus  Swains.  B.  of 
W.  Afr.  ii.  pi.  31. 
*  This  division  was  originally  proposed  by  Linnteus  (Systema  Natural)  in  1735,  under  the  above  appellation.  In  1?60,  Brisson  used 
Phalacrocorax;  Lace'pede,  between  1800  and  1801,  employed  Carbo;  and,  in  1811,  llliger  proposed  Halieus.  All  these  were  founded 
on  the  same  set  of  birds. 
G  G 
