STEMS— CUT! L\GS— SLIPS— BUDS. 



17 



after it is made by the leaves (sec page 19). The budding and brauchiug of stems is 

 highly necessary in order to enable most of the many thousands of leaves on large shrubs 

 and trees to obtain a full share of air and sunshine, otherwise they cannot do their 

 important work. All stems are herbaceous in their youngest stages, i.e. composed of soft 

 cellular tissue, and bast or vascular tissue, but when strength is required the elongated - 

 vessels become solidified or tilled up, and what is known as woody tibre is the result. 



A cutting is any portion of a stem or root that is cut off for purposes of reproduc- 

 tion. A shoot is any long, straight, sappy branch from the stem; a " sucker being 

 similar, but it springs from the root or stem underground. 



A slii) is a twig or small branch torn off with a heel, and a truncheon is a thick 

 stake-like branch diiven into the ground to grow, as in poplar, willows, osiers, and 

 mulberries. As a broad rule, the parts of plants selected as cuttings, or as scions, 

 are either the soft young, or " her- 

 baceous" growths, as in carnations, 

 pelargoniums, calceolarias, fuchsias^ 

 etc., or the hard and ripened wood, 

 as in grape-vines and many shrubs 

 and trees, such as willows, tamarisk, 

 roses, etc. 



In many cases thick roots may 

 be inserted as cuttings, as in Japanese 

 anemones, Senecio Tyermani, yuccas. 



Fig. 9. COEMS ;GLxU)IOLUS). 



dracsenas, aralias, etc., as these roots 



develope adventitious or accidental buds under well-known conditions of heat, light, and 

 moisture. So also as scions for grafting, one may take either soft young shoots 

 (herbaceous grafting) or hard shoots in early spring. Grafts or scions are cuttings 

 joined on to another stem or root as a stock, instead of being inserted in soil so as to 

 root directly into the earth. 



Buds, generally speaking, are all axillary, i.e. they spring from the axil of a leaf or 

 its stalk or petiole, but "adventitious buds" may appear on stems, roots, or any other 

 portion of a plant. A " bud," as used for propagating purposes, as in stone fruits and 

 roses, is a bud cut with a strip of bark adjacent, and then slipped into a T-shaped 

 incision in the bark of a suitable stock. 



Bulbs are all endogenous, i.e. they have straight- veined leaves, not netted ones. They 



VOL. T. D 



