3 8o 



orange trees produce tine large fruit with acid pulp, too acid to be 

 eaten, these however make an excellent drink and are a pleasant 

 variation from Lime squashes. 



The Orange here requires fairly good soil at least, and should 

 be manured with burnt earth. 



All species of citrus are very liable to scale which is easily de- 

 tected at a glance by the blackening of the leaves due to a fungus 

 which grows on the excreta of the scale insect. In India and else- 

 where Kerosine emulsion has been found efficacious against the 

 red orange scale Aspidiotus Ficus, and would probably suit all 

 other kinds. Scale constantly attacks plants in poor condition, 

 and is often a sign of poverty of soil, so that in cases of bad 

 attacks the importance of manuring the trees is at once indicated. 



The caterpillar of the butterfly, Papilio Erithonius> is destructive 

 to the foliage especially of young orange trees. It is described in 

 Agricultural Bulletin Ser. 1. p. 259. It is smooth and bluish 

 green with black markings and when touched puts out two long 

 red tentacles so that it is easily recognized. It must be destroyed 

 by hand picking. 



The pumelo moth Nephopteryx sagittifertlla is probably the 

 worst and most destructive insect we have for the Citrus fruits. It 

 chiefly attacks the Pumelo and Lemon. I have also seen it in the 

 smaller limes. Its life history is described by Mr. WRAY in the 

 Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Straits Branch, No. 19, p. 83. 

 He says that the moth lays its eggs singly on the lower side of 

 the fruit, and the young caterpillars eat their way into the fruits 

 making a number of minute holes generally over an area the size 

 of a shilling. As the caterpillars grow they eat their way through 

 and through the fruit and make holes through the rind to eject 

 refuse and admit air, They leave the fruit when full grown and 

 descending to the earth, make holes lined with white silk where 

 they pupate. In 12 days they hatch out into moths. The Cater- 

 pillars are bluish-green tinted with pinkish bronze above, the young 

 ones almost wholly pink. Length of adult *86 inch, '15 inch wide. 

 The moth is about an inch across warm brown colour shaded with 

 silvery gray. It seems to fly chiefly at night. 



The borings of the caterpillar are found to contain faecal matter, 

 which quickly decomposes, and soon swarms with bacteria. It is 

 probable that the premature ripening and falling of the fruit may 

 be ascribed to the attack of the bacteria. Other insects attracted 

 by the decay, assist in destroying the fruit. The fruit falls pre- 

 maturely and is useless. All infected fruit on the tree easily 

 recognized by the holes and exudation of gum and faecal matter 

 should be destroyed, and all fallen fruit should also be burnt. Mr. 

 Wray also suggests that young uninfected fruit should be put in 

 bags, to prevent the moth from attacking it and laying its eggs 

 there. 



The green leaf-beetle, Astycus chrysochloris, was described by 

 Mr. WRAY (Perak Museum Notes II part I) as attacking the leaves 

 of oranges and pumelos, as well as numerous other trees. The 

 grubs live in the ground at a depth of not more than 6 inches, and 



