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in the second to the last of the dorsal series ; and in the large hinder vertebra? of the 

 present subject the articular surface is still supported by an epiphysis, although the 

 individual was fully mature, with completed and worn dentition (PI. LXVL). The 

 intraneural and epineural canals are present on one or both sides in the hinder dorsals. 

 In the last dorsal the diapophysial pits (PI. LXVII. fig. 10, d 13, d) are the sole articula- 

 tions retained for the last pair of ribs. 



Of the thirteen costal pairs, the first rib (PI. LXVlIL fig. 1) is the shortest and 

 thickest, and has the longest neck (c) in proportion to the body (d). The head (a) is 

 divided into two surfaces meeting at an acute angle; the tuberosity (b) is large and 

 convex. From that prominence to the distal end the outer border describes almost a 

 straight line ; the inner border curves from the head to the distal expansion ; the body 

 is slightly twisted. The second rib (ib. fig. 2) is the most bent ; its outer border near 

 the tuberosity (b) inclines backward and makes the inner side of that part of the body 

 concave. The remaining pairs are long and slender, especially so and with a strong 

 curve proximally in the middle pairs (ib. fig. 4), shorter and less curved in the hinder 

 pairs (ib. fig. 5). The " head " and " tubercle " are developed in all. In the third rib 

 (ib. fig. 3) there is a depression on the upper part of the neck (c), not shown in the 

 rest. The seven anterior pairs of ribs articulate by cartilaginous hsemapophyses with 

 the sternum, which consists of six bones (sternebers, or haemal spines). The manubrium 

 (ib. fig. 6) is subcarinate on the outer surface, broadest where it gives attachment to the 

 cartilages of the first pair of ribs, narrowing thence forward to a point, and developing a 

 pair of rough convexities (b, b) over the converging borders for the clavicles ; it slightly 

 expands at the narrower end (fig. 7), which has two half-surfaces (b b) for the cartilages 

 of the second pair of ribs, and a middle square surface (a) for the second sterneber. A 

 long and expanded " xiphoid cartilage " succeeds the sixth sterneber. 



The first lumbar vertebra (PI. LXVII. fig. 11) is marked by the reduction of the diapo- 

 physis (d) to a small rudiment. The metapophyses (m) have usurped the place of the prae- 

 zygapophyses in all the lumbars. The anapophyses (a) become shorter, broader, and 

 compressed ; they diminish in the fourth and fifth (fig. 13, a), and disappear in the sixth 

 lumbar. The diapophysis increases to the fifth, with a forward production in the second 

 and third (fig. 12, d), together with a hinder production in the fourth and fifth (fig. 13, 

 d, d'), the whole plate being depressed ; in the last lumbar it is shortened, but thickened. 



The centrums increase from a length of 1 inch 3 lines in the first lumbar (ib. fig. 11) to 

 that of 1 inch 9 lines in the fifth lumbar (fig. 13). The sixth again becomes shorter, but 

 broader. The neural spine (ns) becomes narrower antero-posteriorly and longer in the 

 third lumbar, then again shortens in the fifth and sixth. The vertical " epineural " 

 perforations are present on both sides of the neural arch in all the lumbars. The intra- 

 neural canals communicate with the epineural ones, and in the last lumbar are their 

 direct continuations downward and forward. One or two outlets of veins excavate the 

 lower surface of the centrum in each lumbar vertebra. 



38* 



