Order II. PASSERES. 
Tribe lY. Conirostres. 
Frtinil)- III. Sturnid^. 
The second Subfamily, 
GRACULIN^, or Grakles, 
have the Bill more or less long, broad at the base, much compressed on the sides, with the culmen rather 
curved to the tip, which is slightly emarginated ; the Nostrils basal, lateral, rounded, exposed, with the 
frontal plumes advancing to, or covering the opening ; the Wings long, with the first quill short, and 
the third and fourth the longest ; the Tail short and even, or slightly graduated ; the Tarsi short ; the 
Toes long and strongly scuteUated. 
Gracula Linn.* 
Bill as long, or longer than the head, strong, with the culmen rather curved ; the sides much 
compressed to the tip, which is slightly emarginated, and the lateral margins nearly straight, or slightly 
curved ; the gonys long, straight, and advancing vipwards ; the nostrils lateral, the opening rounded 
and exposed, with the frontal plumes advancing to, or more or less covering it on each side. Wijigs 
long, with the first quill rather rudimental, the second rather shorter than the third and fourth, which 
are the longest. Tail short and nearly even, or long and rounded. Tarsi rather shorter than the 
middle toe, robust, and covered with strong scales. Toes long, strongly scaled, the latertil ones unequal, 
the outer one the longest, and united at the base ; the hind toe very long and strong ; the claws long, 
strong, and curved ; various portions of the head naked, and sometimes carunculated. 
It is in the lofty jungles of India and its isles, that the species of this genus ai'e found. They are generally seen in 
pairs, or small parties of five or six individuals, frequenting the tops of the highest trees, seeking fruits, chiefly berries, of 
various kinds. They are sometimes observed in newly made gardens, where a few large trees are left standing, flying 
cheerfully fi'om tree to tree, resting a few minutes and whistling, and then flying off" again to a fresh tree. Their power 
of song is very rich, varied, and pleasing ; they, however, have several harsh notes, which are often heard in the jungles 
they frequent. The other species are found in the Philippine Islands and New Guinea. 
1. G. religiosa Linn. PI. enl. 268. — Eulabes javanus Cuv. ; I 4. G. corona^a (Blyth.) Jour. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. p. 194. ; Type 
Mainatus sumatranus Lexs. of Ampuliceps of Blyth (1842). 
2. G. mmica (Temm.) Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. t. Q. 4. f. 1.— 5. G. calva Gmel. PI. enl. 200., Kitd. Kupf. Vog. t.13. f. 2, ; 
Eulabes indicus Cuv. j Type of Gymnops Cuv. (1829). 
3. G. Dinnontii (Less.) Wagl. Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 26., Kittl. 
Kupf. Vog. t. 13. f. 1. ; Type of Mino Less. (1828). I 
* Linnxus established this genus in 1756 {Systema Naturce). Eulabes of Cuvier (1817), Mainatus of M. Lesson (1831), and 3Iaina 
of .Mr. Hodgson (1836) are synonymous terms with the one employed. It embraces Mino of M. Lesson (1828), which was proposed 
under the name of Gymnops by Cuvier in 1829. 
December, 1845. 
