Order H, PASSERES. 
Tribe IV". CoNiROSTRES. 
Family III. Sturnid^e. 
The fourth Subfamily, 
STURNIN/E, or Starlings, 
have the Bill more or less long, with the culmen curved, or straight to the tip, which is obtuse, and 
somewhat flattened ; the Nostrils basal, placed in a membranous groove, and sometimes clothed with 
short feathers : the Wings moderate : the Tail rather short, and even or rounded : the Tarsi rather 
long, strong, and covered with broad scales : the Toes long and strong ; armed with strong acute claws. 
Pastor Temm.* 
Bill rather short, with the culmen curved from the base, and the sides compressed to the tip, which 
is rather acute, and only slightly emarginated ; the lateral margins rather curved, and the gonys long 
and ascending ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and placed in a short broad groove, which is membranous, and 
clothed with short feathers, with the opening oval. W{7igs long and pointed ; with the first quill 
spurious, and the second the longest. Tail moderate and even. Tat^si nearly as long as the middle toe, 
rather strong, and covered with broad transverse scales. Toes long and rather slender ; the outer toe 
rather longer than the inner, and united at the base ; the hind toe long ; the claws long, curved, and 
very acute. 
The species of this genus inhabit Asia, Africa, and the temperate portions of Europe. They regularly migrate in 
hirge flocks on the change of seasons, and exhibit great adroitness in searching the swampy ground for their food, which 
consists of insects (especially their larvte), fruits, and seeds. It is not unusual to observe these bii'ds on the backs of 
cattle, seeking the insects that infest their hides. The note consists of a broken kind of whistle, varied by a sharp 
cry. The nest is made in the holes of trees, and in old walls. 
1. P. msyt/.9 (Linn.) Temm. PI. enl. 2j1., Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ! 6. P. dominicarius (Bodd.) PI. enl. 627. f. 2. — Turdus domini- 
t. ()6. — Turdus seleucis Gniel. Gould B. of Eur. pi. 212. censis Gmel. 
2. P. pcgiianus Las, Zool. Voy. de Belang. 7. P. canus Blyth, Journ. A. S. B. I8ii. p. 365. 
P. sinensis (Gmel.) Temm. PI. enl. 6l7 Pastor turdi- 8. P. e}-tjthropygius Blyth, Jomn. A. ^. B. 184(i. p. 34. 
formis Wagl. ; P. elegans Less. Zool. Voy. de Belang. Ols. t. 6. ; 9. P. tempnralis Temm. Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 7 Pastor malay- 
Oriolus Buffonianus iV/irtM-y Type of Sturnia ensis Eyton? 
4. P. (lauricus (Pall.) Act. Stockh. 1778. t. 7- f- 1. — Gracula , 10. P. riificoUis Wagl. Syst. Av. Pastor sp. I9. 
sturnina Pall. 
5. P. Icucocephatus (Gmel.) — Sturnus sericeus Gmel. Brown, 
Illustr. Zool. pi. 21. ; Pastor sericeus Gray? 
* M. Temminck established this genus in 181.5. Psaroides of Vieillot ( 1 8I6), Bnscis of P. Brehm (1828), Nomadites of Peteniz 
(183?), and Thremm<i}ihilii.s of Mr. Macgillivray are coequal with the name emjdoyed. It embraces Sturnid of Mr. Blyth. 
