TANAGRIN^. 
These are peculiar to the Xew World, and most of them inhabit the tropical parts. It is in the ^oods and gi'oves 
that these showy bii'ds are found, forming a striking ornament to the surrountling scenery. Fruits, as weU as wasps 
and bees, &c., fonn then- principal food. They have been observed, a little before sunset, in parts of the forests clear of 
imderwood, daiting after winged insects, and continuing thus engaged till it was almost dark. The nest is built on 
the horizontal branch of a tree, of stalks of broken flax and diy grass, so thinly woven together, that the light is easily 
perceivable through it. The eggs are three in number, of a duU blue, spotted with brown and purple. 
1. V. rubra (Linn.) Swains. PI. enl. 127. f. 1. & 156. f. 1. — 
Pyranga erythromelas VieilL, "WHs. American Ornithol. pi. 11. f. 3. 
& 4. 
2. ¥. cBstiva (Gmel.) VieiU., Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 6. f. 3,4.; 
Tanagra mississippiensis Gmel., var. Lath. Syn. pi. 46. ; Loxia virgi- 
nica Gmel. ; Tanagra olivacea Gmel. ; Tanagra rudis Sparr. Mus. 
Carls, t. 94. ; Pyranga hepatica Swains. ; Tanagra saira Spix ? Av. 
Bras. t. 48. f. 1. 
S. P. cocciHea (Bodd.) PI. enl, 741. — Tanagra mississippiensis 
Gviel. ; P. Uvida Swains. PhU. Mag. 1827- 438. 
4. P. Azarce D'Orb. & Lafr, — Saltator ruber et S. flavus Vieill. 
Azara No. 87, 88.; Tanagra mississippiensis Licht.; Pyranga mis- 
sissippiensis D'Orb. S; Lafr. Syn. 
5. P. bidentata Swains. Phil. :Mag. 1827. 438. 
6. P. ludoviciana (Wils.) Jard. Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 20. f. 1. — 
Pyranga erythropis Vieill. 
7. P. me.ricana Less. Rev. Zool. 1839. ^l. 
8. P. sanguinolenta Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839. 97- 
9. P. olivacea Less. Inst. 1 834. — Phcenisoma olivacea Less. 
Rev. Zool. 1840. 99. 
10. P. cyanictera Vieill. Ency. Meth. 798., GaL des Ois. t, 81. 
11. P. cinerea Vieill. Ency. Meth. 798. 
12. P. icteromelas Vieill. Ency. Meth. 799- 
13. P. icteropus Vieill. Ency. Meth. 799- 
14. P. chlorocephala Vieill. Ency. Meth. 801. 
15. P, albicollis D'Orb. & Lafr. Voy. Amer. Mer. Ois. pi. 26. f. 2. 
16. P. bivittata (Lafr.) Rev. Zool. 1842. 70. 
17. P. rubriceps G. R. Gray. 
Lanio Vieill.* 
Bill lengthened, much compressed laterally especially at the tip, the culmen keeled and curved at the 
tip, which is much hooked and acute, and the lateral margins strongly dentated near the middle ; the tip 
of the lower man(hble emarginated, acute, and turned upwards ; the nostrils basal, rounded, and 
nearly hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the third and fourth cjuills longest. 
Tail moderate and slightly rounded. Tarsi longer than the middle toe. Toes short and slender, with 
the outer toe hardly longer than the inner ; the claws short and curved. 
These birds are only seen in the hot humid forests of South America, where they are found in small troops on the 
stmunits of the high trees and especially pahns, searching them for the seeds and buds, on which they feed. 
1. L. atricapillus (Gmel.) Vieill. PI. enl. 8O9. f. 2. j 3. L. versicolor (D'Orb. & Lafr.) Voy. de I'Ame'r. iMe'r. pi. I9. 
2. h. cristatus Vieill. Ency. Meth. 741. I f. 1. 
Tanagra Linn.j- 
Bill short, rather trigonal, and more or less elevated at the base, the culmen gradually arched and the 
sides compressed towards the tip, which is emargmated, and the lateral margins sinuated and inflected ; 
the nostrils basal, small, rounded, and exposed. Wings moderate, with the three first quills more or less 
graduated, and the third and fourth the longest. Tail moderate, and mostly even at the end. Tarsi 
as long as the middle toe. Toes moderate, with the outer longer than the inner ; the claws short and 
curved. 
These South American birds live in troops, and are generally seen in orchards and gardens, where they are very 
destructive to the buds and fruits which form their food ; the nest is carelessly constructed outwardly of sticks, but 
interiorly of hairs finely twisted together, wherein the parent deposits two or three eggs. 
1. T. episcopus Linn PI. enl. 178. f. 1,2., Desm. Tang. t. 
T. cana Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 37. ; T. sayaca Gmel. 
2. T. ornata Sparr. Mus. Carls, t. 95., Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 42. 
— T. archiepiscopus Desm. Tang. t. 17. 18., Spix Av. Br. t. 06. f. 2. 
3. T. olivascens Licht. Cat. Dupl. Berl. Mus. No. 351., Swains. 
Ornith. Dr. pi. 38. — T. sayaca Linn. 
4. T. vicarius Less. Cent. Zool. t. 68. 
5. T. glauea Sparr. Mus. Carls, t. 54. — T. ccclestis Spi.i-, Av. Bras, 
t. 55. f. 1. ; T. serioptera Swains. 
6. T. argentata. — T. episcopus Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 39. 
7. T. Swainsoni. — T. ccelestis Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 41. 
8. T. inornata Swains. Ornith. Dr. pi. 40. 
9. T. gularis Linn. Pi. enl. 155. f. 2., Desm. Tang. t. 
10. T. capitata (D'Orb. & Lafr.) "\'oy. de I'Ame'r. Me'r. Ois. 
t. 19. f. 2., Azara No. 137. 
11. T. cyanocephala D'Orb & Lafr. Voy. de I'Amer. Mer. Ois. 
t. 25. f. 1. — T. Maximiliani D'Ori. S; Lafr. 
12. T. striata Gmel. Voy. of Beagle, Birds, pi. 36. — T. Dar- 
winii Pr. Bonap. ; T. chrysogaster Cuv. Azara No. 94. 
13. T.sena (Linn.) Vigors, Catesby's Carol, t. 42. — Fringilla 
* Given by Vieillot (181 6) in his Analyse, p. 40. 
j This Linnean genus was established in 1766, and Thraupis of Boie (1826) is coequal ; it embraces, according to my opinion, Spindalis 
of Sir W. Jardine and Mr. Selby (1837). 
