FRINGILLTN^. 
rather longer than the first. Tail more or less long, and generally slightly forked at the end. Tarsi 
shorter than the middle toe, and covered in front with broad scales. Toes moderate and slender ; the lateral 
toes nearly equal ; the outer toe united at its base ; the hind toe long, and armed with a long curved 
claw. 
The species of this division are found in various parts of Europe, Asia, Africa, both North and South America, and 
Australia. They frequent the open and cultivated places, but some prefer the wild and mountainous districts. They 
live in flocks, several species sometimes congregating together, especially during the winter months, when some seek 
the sea-coast ; and at this season the sexes of some species form distinct societies. Those that reside in the more 
northern parts of Europe perform migrations to the warmer provinces, and those of the high altitudes of the mountains 
seek the lower ground on the approach of winter. Their food consists, during the winter months, of seeds of various 
plants and trees, as alder, maple, and grains which they seek for on the ground, especially in the stubble lands, but 
some of them feed on insects and their larvte during the genial season. The song consists of three or four notes, which 
in some, though short, possess great sweetness, and are varied in delivery. The nest is formed upon trees, and in 
bushes of the mountainous districts ; others prefer those of the gardens, orchards, and plantations ; it is composed of 
grass, moss, and lichen, interwoven with wool, lined interiorly with feathers and hairs. The eggs are four or five in 
number. 
1. F. Calebs Linn. PI. enl. 54. f. 1. — Passer spiza Pall. Gould, 
B. of Eur. pi. 187-; Fringilla sylvia Scop.; Fringilla nobilis Schrank. 
2. F. montifringilla Linn. PI. enl. 54. f. 2. — Fringilla lulensis 
Linn. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 188.; Fringilla flammea Beseke. 
3. F. tintillon "VVebb & Berth. Voy. Canar. Ois. t. 4 f. 1. 
4. F. spodiogenys Pr. Bonap. — Fringilla coplebs Meth. 
5. F. erythrophrys Bl. Journ. A. S. B. 1846. p. 38. 
6". F. formosa Gould, Voy. of Beagle, Birds, p. 
7. F. carduelis Linn. PI. enl. 4. f. 1, 2. var. — Fringilla elegans 
Steph. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. I96. ; F. albo-ocbracea Jacq. Vogel, 
t. 5. (var.) ; F. ochracea Gme.l. ; Type of Carduelis Briss. (17fiO.) 
8. F. orientalis Eversm. Addend, ad Pall. Zoogr. ii. p. 9. — Passer 
carduelis var. Pall. 
9. F. Burtoni Gould, Proc. Z. S. 1837- 90. 
10. F. sinica Linn. PI. enl. 157. f. 3. — Fringilla kawariba Temm. 
PI. col. 588. f. 1., Fauna Japonica, Ois. t. 
11. F. caniceps Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1830. 23., Gould's Cent, 
of Birds, pi. 
12. F. spinoides Vigors, Proc. Z. S. 1831. 44., Gould's Cent, 
of Birds, pi. 
13. F. coccinea Gmel. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 31. — Type of Loxops 
Cab. (1847.) 
14. F. nipalensis Hodgs. As. Res. xix. 157- — Linota saturata 
Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1842. I92. 
15. F. picta (Gould), Proc. Z. S. 1842. 17., B. of Austr. pi. . 
— Type of Emblema Gould (1842.). 
16". F. spinun Linn. PI. enl. 485. f. ?>. — Spinus viridis Koch. 
Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 197. ; Type of Cbrysomitris Boie (1828.). 
17. F. tristis (Linn.) PI. enl. 202. f. 2., Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 1. 
f. 2., Bonap. Amer. Orn. pi. 6. f. 4., Audub. B. of Amer. pi. 33., 
Edw. Birds, pi. 274. 
18. F. ? Pi. enl. 292. — Fringilla tristis var. /3. 
19. F. pinus Wils. Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. I7. f. 1., Audub. B. of 
Amer. pi. 180. 
20. F. melanoxantha Wagl. — Fringilla mexicana Gmel. Audub. 
B. of Amer. pi. 427. 
21. F. psaltria Say, Pr. Bonap. Amer. Orn. pi. 6. f. 3., Audub. 
B. of Amer. pi. 400. 
22. F. cucullata Swains. Zool. III. pi. 7- 
23. F. cubre Gerv. Mag. de Zool. 1835. Ois. t. 44. 
24. F. magellanica Vieill. Vieill. Ois. chant, t. 30. — Fringilla 
icterica Licht. Azara, No. 259-, Audub. Birds of Amer. pi. 394. 
f. 2. 
25. F. notata Dubus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg. 1848. p. . Rev. 
Zool. 1848. p. 21 5. 
26. F. .'' ictera Vieill. PI. enl. 3G4. — Fringilla canaria var. /3. 
Lath. 
27. F. mexicana Linn. PI. enl. S86. f. 1., Edw. Birds, pi. 44. 
28. F. Yurrellii Audub. B. of Amer. pi. 433. f. 4, 5. — Fringilla 
mexicana Audub. 
29. F. Stanleyi Audub. Syn. B. N. Amer. p. 118. 
30. F. luxuosa Less. Rev. Zool. 1839- 41. 
31. F }faveola Linn. 
32. F. citrinella Linn. PI. enl. fi5S. f. 2., Gould, B. of Eur. 
pi. 198. — Fringilla brumalis Bech.9t. ; F. alpina .SVo;>. ; Citrinella 
serinus Pr. Bonap. ; 'J'ype of Citrinella Bonap. (1838.) 
33. F. serinus Linn. PI. enl. 658. f. 1., Gould, B. of Eur. 
pi. 195. — Serinus flavescens Gould, Pr. Bonap. Fauna Ital. t. .; 
S. brumalis Strickl. ; S. hortulanus Koch ; S. meridionalis Brehm ; 
Type of Serinus Brehm (1828 ). 
34. F. islandica Faber, Bonap. — Loxia serinus Briin. 
35. F. citrinelloides Riipp. Faun. t. 34. f. 1. 
36. F. nigriceps Riipp. Faun. t. 34. f. 2. 
37. F. xanthopygin Riipp. Faun. t. 35. f. 1. 
38. F. tristriata Riii)p. Faun. t. 35. f. 2. 
39. F. lutea Licht. PI. col. 365. 
40. F. chloris (Linn.) Koch, PL enl. 267. f. 2. — Chloris flavi- 
gaster Swains. Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 200. ; Type of Ligurinus Koch 
(1816). 
41. F. incerta (Risso), Pr. Bonap. Fauna lial. t. . — Fringilla 
olivacea Ra^n. 
42. F. atrata (D'Orb.) Voy. dans I'Amer. Mer. t. 48. f. 2. 
43. F. nnalis (D'Orb.) Voy. dans I'Amer. Mer. t. 48. f 1. 
44. F. brasiliensis (Gmel.) PJ. enl. 321. f. 1., Spix, Av. Bras, 
t. 61. f. 1, 2., Edw. Birds, pi. 352. f. 1. 
45. F. campcstris Spix, Av. Bras. t. 61. f. 3. 
