Order IT. PASSERES. 
Tribe IV. Conirostres. 
Fiimilv ]y. FRIKGILLrDyT,. 
The sixth Subfamily, 
ALAUDIN^, or Larks, 
have the Bill short, or more or less lengthened and conical ; the Wings with tlie tertials generally as 
long as the primaries ; the Claws lengthened, more or less cnrs^ed, and the hind one very long and 
generally straight. 
Alauda.* 
Bill moderate, conical, with the ciilraen slightly arched to the tip, and compressed on the sides ; the 
nostrils basal, lateral, oval, and hidden by the frontal plumes. Wings lengthened, with or without a 
short spurious quill, and with the third quill generally the longest. Tail moderate and slightly emar- 
ginated. Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe, and slender. Toes moderate and divided ; and the 
hind claw lengthened, and more or less straight. 
These birds are peculiar to the Old World, and genei'ally found on the open arable land or plains, though some 
seem to prefer the cultivated lands. As the winter approaches in the northern parts of Europe, they congregate in 
flocks, and resort to the southern portions. Some of the species sing while rising Into the au*, which action is performed 
cither in extended circles, or In a perpendicularly spiral direction, to an immense height. Their flight is undiolating ; 
and they walk and run with ease on the ground, where they delight to roll in tlie dust. Grain and various small seeds 
form their principal food, but in the summer they procure grasshoppers, gnats, and small woiTns, &c. The nest is 
usually placed on the ground, among hei'bage ; and consists of diy grasses and other portions of plants, lined with soft 
materials. 
1. A. arrenxis Linn. PI. enl. 363. f. 1. — Alauda coelipeta Pall. ; 
Al. italica Gmel. ; Al. longipes Lath. ; Al. Gulgula Frankl. ; Al. 
Deva Sykes ? 
2. A. hrnchydactyla Temm. Man. d'Orn. 1. 284. — Alauda Ca- 
landrella Bonelli ; Al. arenana Steph. Vieill. Faun. Franc, t. 74. f. 1., 
Exped. de la Moree, Ois. t. 6. f. 1 . ; Al. Pispoletta Pall. } Emberiza 
Bagheira Frankl. Proc. Z. S. 18.32. lig. ; Al. dukhunensis Sykes ; 
Type of Calandrella Kanp (I82()). 
3. A. Kollyi Temm. PI. col. 30,5. f. 1 . 
4. A. gnngptkd Blytli, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. p. 201. — 
Alauda Gulgula Blyth. 
5. ? A. gracilis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1842. 201. 
(). A. riificpps Riipp. Faun. Abyss, t. 38. f. 1. 
7. A.? leucoptera (Pall.) Zoogr. 11. 518. t. 33. f. 2. — Alauda 
sibirica Gmel. 
8. A. cristata Linn. PI. enl. 503. f. 1. — Alauda galerita PaU.\; 
Al. undata Gmel. PI. enl. 662. ; Al. raatutina Bodd. ; Al. Chendoola 
Frankl. ; Al. Gulgula Sykes; Type of Galerida Boie (1828). 
p. A. malabarica Scop. Sonn. Voy. Ind. t. 113. f. 1. 
10. A. ferruginea Von der Mulhe, Beitr. zur Orn. Griechenl. 
11. A. arbor ea Linn. PI. enl. 503. f. 2. — Alauda nemorosa 
Gmel. ; Al. cristatella Lath. 
12. A. crassirostris (Vieill.) X. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 1. 373., Le 
Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. t. 193. — Alauda magnirostris Steph.; Type of 
Calendula Sicains. (1837). 
13. A. .^enegalensis Gmel. PI. enl. 504. f. 1. 
Melaxocouypha Boie.f 
Bill moderate, with the culmcn elevated at the base and arched to the tip, the sides much compressed, 
and the lateral margins inflexed ; the gonys of lower mandible lengthened, and advancing upwards ; 
* Linnsus established this genus in 1735. It embraces Galerida of M. Boie (Isis) 1828, which is coequal with Lulhtla and Calandrella 
of M. Kaup (1829), and Calendula of Mr. Swainson (1837), which latter was changed to Erana by me in 1840; also Heterops of Mr. 
Hodgson (^List of Kepaul Birds, 1844). 
t It was in 1828 {Isis) that M. Boie established this genus, which is coequal with Calandra and Sazilauda of M. Lesson (1837), and 
Londra of Col. Sykes (1838). 
