Order II. PASSERES. 
Tribe IV. Conirostres. 
Family VI. Frixgillid^. 
The seventh Subtamily, 
PYRRHULIN.E, or Bullfinches, 
have the Bill very short, strong, more or less compressed, and entire, -^th the culmen arched and 
convex ; the Wings moderate, and somewhat rounded ; the Tail moderate and slightly eraarginated ; 
the Tarsi short and scutellated ; and the Toes moderate, the lateral ones generally unequal. 
Carpodacus Kaup.* 
Bill conical, short, broad at the base, with the culmen slightly arched to the tip ; the gonys lengthened 
and suddenly advancing upwards ; the lateral margins sinuated and slightly curved ; the nostrils basal, 
lateral, and concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings long and pointed, vdth the first quiU rather shorter 
than the second and third, which are the longest. Tail moderate and slightly forked. Tay^si shorter 
than the middle toe, and robust. Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal ; and the claws short and 
curved. 
They are more especially found in the most northern parts of Europe, America, Africa, and Asia ; frequenting the 
sides of rivers, and sometimes the cultivated fields, where they seek the seeds of various plants. The nest Is formed of 
hay, between the branches of the trees of the forests ; and the female lays from five to six eggs. 
1. C. erytltrinus (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. ii. 8. t. 36., Kittl. Kupf. der 6. C. PayraudcBi (Audouin), Histoire de I'Egypte, Zoolog. 1. 
Vog. t. 32. f. 1. — Erytlirothorax rubrifrons Brehm'; , Loxia car- j 286. Ois. t. 5. f. 8. — Pyrrhula githaginea Licht. PI. col. 400. f. 1. 
dinalis Beseke ; Fringilla flammea Retz ; Loxia obscura Gmel. & 2. 
2. C. phaenicopterus (Gould), Gould's B. of Eur. pi. 7- C. rhodopepla (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 23., Gould's Cent, of 
3. C. roseus (Pall.) Pall. Zoogr. ii. 23. t. 42. Birds, pi. 31. f. L 
4. C. purpureus (Gmel.) Catesby's Carol 1. t. 4L, Wils. Amer. 8. C. rhodochroa (Vigors), Proc. Z. S. 1831. 23., Gould's Cent. 
Orn. pi. 7. f. 4. & pi. 42. f. 3. j of Birds, pi. 31. f. 2. 
5. C. frontalis (Say), Long's Exped. Rocky Mount, ii. 40., Pr. 9. C. synoica (Temm.) PI. col. 37.^. 
Bonap. Am. Orn. t. 6. f. 1, 2. — Fringilla hicmorrhoa Licht. ; 10. C. obsoletn (Licht.) Everm. Reise, p. 132. 
Pyrrhula cruentata Less. Rev. Zool. 183.9. 101. 
Chithagra Sicaitis.-f 
Bill short, more elevated than broad, witli the culmen and lateral margins curved to the tip, the sides 
compressed, and the gonys lengthened and advancing upwards ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and hidden 
by the frontal plumes. Wings moderate, with the first quill rather shorter than the second ; the third and 
fourth quills nearly equal and longest. Tail moderate and slightly forked. Tarsi shorter than the 
♦ Established (1829) by M. Kaup (Naturl. Syst. p. l6l.), and adopted in the place of Erythrina of M. Brehm (1828), which word he 
changed to Erytlirothorax in 1831, as it had long been employed in Botany. The Prince of Canino, in 1830, had proposed Erythrospiza ; 
and Mr. Swainson, in 1837, Hcemorrhoits. 
t Established in 1827 {Zool. Jonrn. ill. p. 24.) by Mr. Swainson. 
