Order III. SCANSOKES. 
Family II. Psittacid^. 
The second Subfamily, 
ARAINiE, or Maccaws, 
have the Bill large ; the culmen of the upper mandible much arched to the tip, which is prolonged and 
acute ; the lower mandible deeper than long, and rather broader at the base than the upper, with the 
gonys advancing upwards, and rounded ; the Tail lengthened, graduated, and the tip of each feather 
narrowed. 
Ara Briss.* 
Bill very large, compressed on the sides, with the culmen much arched to the tip, which is prolonged 
and acute ; the base of the lower mandible broad, slightly compressed towards the gonys, which is 
rounded, and sometimes angulated on the sides ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and concealed by the frontal 
plumes. Wings long and pointed, with the second and third quills the longest. Tail lengthened, 
graduated, and each feather narrowed towards its end. Tarsi short, robust, and covered Avith small 
scales. Toes unequal, the anterior outer toe rather longer than the posterior outer one. The sides of 
the head more or less denuded of feathers. 
The tropical parts of South America are the peculiar localities of these showy birds. They generally perch on the 
highest parts of the loftiest trees, preferring those that bordei* the forests, and yet seldom show themselves at the very 
extremity of the branches. It Is most usual to observe them In pairs, though at times they ai-e seen In small jjartles of 
six or eight Individuals together. "WTien disturbed, they shake themselves, and utter a scream, which is j)lercing, 
strong, and disagreeable. They are rarely noticed on the ground, but commonly climb from branch to branch In quest 
of the fruits of forest trees, and also those of the palms, in which they usually live. Their flight is horizontal, and 
not very elevated. The eggs, which are usually two In number, are deposited In the hollow trunks of trees, or on the 
large branches near the trunk. 
1. A. ararntina (Linn.) Kuhl, Eilwardss Birds, pi. 159., PI- ' 9- A., makawiianna (Gmel) Pl.enl. 864., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 7. 
enl. 36., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 3., Lear's Parr. pi. 8. i 10. A. maracana (Vieill.) N. Diet. Hist. Nat. ii. 260.— Psittacus 
2. A. caninde (Wagl.) Kuhl, Azara No. 262. , IHigeri Kuhl ; Arara purpureo-dorsalis Spix, Av. Bras. t. 24. ; 
3. A. aracanga (Gmel.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pi. 158., PI. Psittacus fuscatus //% 
enl. 12., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 2. 2 bis, Lear's Parr. pi. 7. 111. A. hyacinthina (Lath.) Gal. des Ois. t. 24., Lear's Parr. pi. 9. 
4. A. wacao (Linn.) Kuhl, Le Vail!. Perr. t. 1., Azara No. 280. j — Psittacus augustus Shaw, Mus. Lev. pi. p. 59. ; Anodorhynchus 
5. A. ^-icotor (Bechst.) Kuhl, Pi. enl. 641., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 5. ! Maximiliani 5p?x, Av. Bras, t, 1 1. ; Type of Anodorhynchus of Spix 
6. A.militaris (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pi. 313., Le ' (1824). 
Vaill. Perr. t. 4. 6. — Psittacus ambiguus ! 12. A. ^r/aitra (Vieill.) N. Diet. Hist. Nat. ii. 259., Abhandl. 
7. A. pachyrhyncha (Swains.) Phil. Mag. 1827. p. 439. — Psit- Akad, Munchen. 1832. t. 26. 
tacus Pacha Wagl. i 13. A. Spixii (Wagl.) — Arara hyacinthiiius Spix, Av. Bras. t. 
8. A. Severn (Linn.) Edwards's Birds, pi. 229., PI. enl. 383., 23. 
Le Vaill. Perr. t. 8, [). l6. 
* Established by Brisson (^Ornithologie) in 176O. It embraces Anodorhynchus of Spix (1825). 
