ARAIN/E. 
CONURUS Kuhl.* 
Bill moderate ; the sides compressed, with the cuhnen arched to the tip, which is rather long and 
acute; the lower mandible deeper than long, very broad at the base, and the gonys advancing upwards 
and rounded in front ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and generally concealed by the frontal plumes. Wings 
long and pointed, with the first three quills the longest. Tail lengthened, graduated, and the end of 
each feather narrowed. Tarsi very short, and covered with small scales. Toes long, unequal ; the 
anterior outer toe rather longer than the posterior outer one. The orbits only naked. 
These birds are scattered throughout the continent of America. They are usually found in flocks in the inundated 
forests, or those that border the great rivers, preferring the upper branches of the loftiest trees. When pressed with 
hunger, they descend to the banks of the rivers or the neighbouring fields, seeking the various kinds of berries and 
fruits ; at times they frequent the cultivated land and orchards, committing great ravages among the grain, maize, and 
fruits, at the same time strewing large quantities about on the ground untasted. While the flock is thus engaged, a 
sentinel watches, and gives the alarm on the approach of an enemy. They are naturally noisy, and their cry is sharp 
and very disagreeable. Their flight Is swift and gracefvil, and they generally climb from branch to branch by means of 
their bill and feet. When at rest, they either sit on the bi'anches or conceal themselves in the hollows of the trunks of 
trees, especially in the heat of the day. The nest is formed in a hollow of a decayed tree ; merely depositing the eggs on 
the bare wood, to the number of two to. four, and several females laying their eggs in the same cavity. Some species 
make holes in the precipices near rivers several feet In length, where they form their nests, and deposit their eggs. Others 
construct their nests on trees, composing them of a great quantity of spinous branches placed In a globose form, of as 
much as three feet and a half in diameter, with the entrance on the side. It is usual for a number of nests to be placed 
side by side on the same tree. 
1. C. acuticaudatus (Vieill.) N. Diet. Hist. Nat. ii. 36,9., Azara 
No. 278. — Aratinga liremorrhous Spix, A v. Bra*;, t. 13. 
2. C. nohilis (Linn.) Kuhl. — Psittacus guianensis Knhl ; Ps. 
cumanensis Lickt. ; Arara macrognathus Spix, Av. Bras. t. 25. f. 1, 
2. ; Psittacara frontata Vigors. 
3. C. pavua (Bodd.) Kuhl, PL enl. 16?. 407., Le Vaill. Perr. 
t. 14, 15., Azara No. 257- — Psittacus guianensis Gmel, 
4. C. Wagleri G. R. Gray. 
5. C. cyanolyscos (Mol.) Lear's Parr. pi. 10. — Psittacus patagon us 
Vieill. Azara 276., Voy. de la Coqu. Ois. t. 35. bis ; Psittacus 
(Aratinga) Byroni Cliihh: Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 12. 
6. C ftaviventris (Wagl.) Azara No. 276. 
7. C. luteus (Bodd.) — Psittacus Guarouba Gmel,; Aratinga 
CaroliuEe Augustae Spix, Av. Bras. t. 12., PI. enl. 525., Le Vaill. 
Perr. 20. ; Psittacus chloropterus Vieill. 
8. C. carolinensis (Linn.) Kuhl, PI. enl. 499- — Psittacus lu- 
dovicianus Gmel. Wils. Amer. Orn. pi. 26. f. 1., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 
33. ; Ps. lutei-capillus Vieill. 
9. C. solstitialis (Linn.) Kuhl. — Psittacus aurantius Mill. 
Cimel. Phys. pi. 4. ; Ps. merulinus Scop. ; Ps. guarouba var. Gmel. ; 
Ps. luteus Vieill. Spix, Av. Bras. t. 14. a., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 18. 
10. C. jendaya (Gmel.) — Aratinga chrysocephalus Spix, Av. 
Bras. t. 12. ; Psittacus pyrrhocephalus Halm. Ausl. Vog. Lief. 14. 
t. 1. ; Ps. auricapillus Illig. ; Aratinga aurifrons Spix, Av. Bras. t. 
16. f. 1, 2. 
11. C. pertinax (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pi. 234. — 
Psittaca illiniaca Briss. Pi. enl. 528., Le Vaill. Perr. t. 34, 35, 36.; 
Psittacus inornatus Kuhl. 
12. C. ceruginosus (Linn.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pi. 177- — 
Psittacus cactorum Pr. Max. ; Ps. plumbeus Gmel. ; Aratinga fla- 
viventer Spix, Av. Bras. t. 18. f. 1.; Ar. minus Spix, t. 1 9. f. 2. 
13. C. Petzii (Leibl.) Abhandl. Akad. Munchen, 1832.650. 
14. C. a!/m/* (Gmel.) Kuhl, Edwards's Birds, pi. 235 Psit- 
tacus brasiliensis Lath. Pi. enl. 838. ; Ps. regulus Shaw, Le Vaill. 
Perr. t. 41.37., Azara No. 280., Donov. Nat. Rep. pi. 7'<J. 
15. C. cruentatus (Pr. Max.) Reise n. Bras. 1. 72., Temm. Pi. 
col. 338. — Psittacus erythrogaster Licht. ; Ps. squamosus Kuhl, 
non Lath. ; Aratinga cyanogularis Spix, Av. Bras. 1. 17. ; Psittacara 
Lichtensteinii Vigors ; P. Vigorsii Desm. 
16. C. melamirus (Spix), Av. Bras. t. 22. f. 1, 2. 
17. C. cyanopterus (Bodd.) PI. enl. 144. — Psittacus Anaca, et 
P. versicolor Gmel. Le Vaill. Perr. t. I6. ; P. maculatus Donov. 
Nat. Rep. pi. 33. 
18. ? C. squamata (Lath.). 
19. C. ne?i6?fry (Wagl.) Azara No. 279. — Psittacus melanoce- 
phalus Vieill. 
20. C. chiripepe (Vieill.) N. Diet. Hist. Nat. 2. 361., Azara No. 
281. 
21. C. chlorogenys (VTagl.) — Aratinga perlatus, Spix, Av. Bras, 
t. 20. f. 2. 
22. C. lepidus — Aratinga perlatus S Spix, Av. Bras. t. 
20. f. 1. 
* Established by Kuhl in 1820 {Monogr. Psittacidfp), but Brisson in I76O had previously proposed Psittaca for this division, which is 
too near Psittacus of Linnaeus to be employed. It includes Aratinga of Spix (1824), Psittacara of Vigors (1825), and Sittace of Wagler 
(1830). 
3 Q 
