Order II. SCANSORES. 
Family II. I^sittacid^e. 
The fourth Subfamily, 
PSITTACINiE, or Parrots, 
have the Bill more or less large, broad at base, and the sides compressed, with the culmen much arched 
to the tip, which is acute and prolonged ; the lateral margins dentated or festooned ; the nostrils basal, 
lateral, and rounded ; the Wings more or less long, and pointed ; the Tail usually short and squared ; 
the Tarsi short, and covered with small scales ; the Toes moderate. 
Tanygnathus Wagl* 
Bill very large and swollen, with the culmen arched and acute, and the lateral margin not dentated ; 
the gonys long, advancing upwards, and keeled in the middle ; the nostrils basal, lateral, and rounded. 
Wings long and pointed, ^vith the second and third quills nearly equal and longest. Tail very long, 
rather broad, and cuneated. Tarsi very short, and covered Avith minute scales. Toes long and 
slender, with the outer anterior toe longer than the posterior one, and all covered with minute scales ; 
the claws moderate, compressed, and slightly curved. 
The species are inliabitants of the Moliioca Islands and New Guinea. 
1. T. macrorhynchus (Linn.) Wagl. PI. enl. 713- — Psittacus PsiUacus olivaceus et P. niargiiiatus Gmvl. Le \'aill. Perr. t. 60. ; 
nasutus ImUi. ; P. megalorhynchus Bodd. Le Vaill. Perr. t. 83. P. pileatus Seop. 
2. T. ynla (Bodd.) Sonn. Voy. N. Guin. t. 44., PI. enl. 287 
Psittacus Linn.j- 
Bill large, and rather compressed, with the culmen biangular, and much arched to the tip, near which 
the lateral margin is strongly emarginated, that of the under mandible much sinuated, and the anterior 
part sharply edged ; the gonys advancing upwards and angular ; the nostrils basal and lateral, with 
the opening small and rounded. Witigs mostly reaching to the end of the tail, with the first quill nearly 
as long as the second and third, Avhich are the longest. Tail short and even. Tarsi very short, and 
covered with small scales. Toes long, the lateral ones equal, and all covered with small scales ; the 
claws short and slightly curved. 
The continent of Africa and the warmer parts of South America are the countries of these parrots, which inhabit the 
forests, or are found on ckistcrs of trees, especially those that grow in the neighbourhood of the rivers, or such as will 
afford them suflBcient protection from the scorching heat of the sun, and serve as roosting-places during the night. On 
the first appearance of dawn, these birds are in the habit of assembling from their nocturnal retreats in vast flocks, on 
* Established by Wagler in 18.30 (Ahhnndl. Akad. Miinchen, 18.S2, p. .501.). It is coequal with Muscarinus of M. Lesson (1831), and 
ErjithroKtomun of Mr. Swainsoii (1837). 
t Established by Linna-us in 172.') {Systevia N(itiirfi-). It embraces P/o/ow of Wagk-r (1830) and Pokephalus of Mr. Swainsou (1837), 
which ill 1841 was changed to Pceocephuhis by Mr. Strickland, as well as Deroptyus of Wagler (1830). 
