Jxtly 19, 1888.J 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



817 



portations from the sea; and of these some are very recent 

 immigrants, landlocked species which have changed very 

 little from the parent stock. 



We can say in general that in all waters not absolutely 

 uninhabitable, there are fishes. The processes of natural 

 selection have given to each kind of river or lake species of 

 fishes adapted to the conditions of life which obtain there. 

 There is no condition of water, of bottom, of depth, of speed 

 of current, but finds some species with characters adjusted 

 to it. These adjustments are for the most part of long 

 standing, and the fauna of any single stream has, as a rule, 

 been produced by immigration from other regions or from 

 other streams. Each species has an ascertainable range of 

 distribution, and within this range we may be reasonably 

 certain to find it in any suitable waters. 



But every species has beyond question some sort of bar- 

 rier which it has never passed in all the years of its exist- 

 ence. That this is true becomes evident when we compare 

 the 6sh fauna of widely separated rivers. Thus the Sacra- 

 mento, Connecticut, Rio Grande and St. John's rivers have 

 not a single species in common; and with one or two excep- 

 tions not a species is common to any two of them. None, of 

 these has any species peculiar to itself, and each shares a 

 large part of its fish fauna with the. water basin next to it. 

 It is probably true that the fauna of no two distinct hydro- 

 graphic basins are wholly identical, while on the other hand 

 there are very few specie's confined to a single one. The sup- 

 posed cases of this character, some twenty in number, occur 

 chiefly in the streams of the South Atlantic States and of 

 Arizona. All of these need, however, the confirmation of 

 further exploration. It is certain that in no case has an 

 entire river fauna originated independently from the di- 

 vergence into separate species of the descendants of a> single 



ype- 



The existence of boundaries to the range of species im- 

 plies, therefore, the existence of barriers to their diffusion. 

 We may now consider these barriers, and, in the same con- 

 nection, the degree to which they may be overcome. 



Least important of these are the barriers which may exist 

 within the limits of any single basin, and which tend to pre- 

 vent a free diffusion through its waters of species inhabiting 

 any portion of it. In streams flowing southward, or across 

 different parallels of latitude, the difference in climate be- 

 comes a matter of importance. The distribution of species 

 is governed very largely by the temperature of the water. 

 Each species has its range in this respect — the free-swimrniug 

 fishes, notably the trout, being most affected by it; the mud- 

 loviug or bottom fishes, like the catfishes, least. The latter 

 can reach the cool bottoms in hot weather, or the warm bot- 

 toms in cold weather, thus keeping their own temperature 

 more even than that of the surface of the water. Although 

 water communication is perfectly free for most of the length 

 of the. Mississippi, there is a considerable difference between 

 the faunas of the. stream in Minnesota and in Louisiana. This 

 difference is caused chiefly by the difference in temperature 

 occupying the difference in latitude. That similar difference 

 in longitude, with free water communication, has no appre- 

 ciable importance, is showu by the almost absolute identity 

 of the fish faunae of Lake Winnebago and Lake Champlain. 

 While many large fishes range freely up and down the Mis- 

 sissippi, a majority of the species do not do so, and the fauna 

 of the Mississippi has more in common with, that of the 

 tributaries of Lake Michigan than it has with that of the 

 Red River or the Arkansas. 



The influence of climate is again shown in the paucity of 

 the fauna of the cold waters of Lake Superior, as compared 

 with that of Lake Michigan. The majority of our species 

 cannot endure the cold. In general, therefore, cold or north- 

 ern waters contain fewer species than southern waters do, 

 though the number of individuals of any one kind may be 

 greater. This is shown in all waters, fresh or salt. The 

 fisheries of the northern seas are more extensive than those 

 of the tropics. There are more fishes there, but they are tax- 

 less varied in kind. The writer once caught seventy-five 

 species of fishes in a single haul of the seine at Key West, 

 while on Cape Cod he obtained with the same net but forty- 

 five species in the course of a week's work. Thus it comes 

 that the angler, contented with many fishes of few kinds, 

 goes to Northern streams to fish, while the naturalist goes 

 to the South. 



But in most streams the difference in latitude is insignifi- 

 cant, and the chief difference in temperature comes from 

 differences in elevation, or from the distance of the waters 

 from the colder source. Often the lowland waters are so 

 different in character as to produce a marked change in the 

 quality of their fauna. These lowland waters may form a 

 barrier to the free movements of upland fishes; but 

 that this barrier is not impassable is shown by 

 the identity of the fishes in the streams (for ex- 

 ample, Elk River, Duck River, etc.) of the uplands 

 of middle Tennessee with those of the Holston and French 

 Broad. Again, streams of the Ozark Mountains, similar in 

 character to the rivers of East Tennessee, have an essentially 

 similar fish-fauna, although between the Ozarks and the 

 Cumberland range lies ah area of lowland bayous, into 

 which such fishes are never known to penetrate. We can, 

 however, imagine that these upland fishes may be sometimes 

 swept down from one side or the other into the Mississippi, 

 from which they might ascend on the other side. But such 

 transfers certainly do not often happen. This is apparent 

 from the fact that the two fauna?* are not quite identical, 

 and in some cases the same species are represented by per- 

 ceptibly different varieties on one side and the other. The 

 time of the commingling of these faunae is perhaps now 

 past, and it may have occurred only when the climate of the 

 intervening regions was colder than at present. 



The effect of waterfalls and cascades as a barrier to the 

 diffusion of most species is self-evident; but the importance 

 of such obstacles is less, in the course of time, than might 

 be expected. In one way or another very many species have 

 passed these barriers. The falls of the Cumberland limit 

 the range of most of the larger fishes of the river, but the 

 streams above it have their quota of darters and minnows. 

 It is evident that the past historv of the stream must enter 

 as a factor into this discussion , but this past history it is 

 not always possible to trace. Dams or artificial waterfalls 

 now check the free movement of many species, especially 

 those of migratary habits; while, conversely, numerous 

 other species have extended their range through the agency 

 of canals (thus, Dorosoma cepedianum Le Sueur, and Clu- 

 pca chrysocliloris Rafinesque, have found their way into 

 Lake Michigan through canals). 



Every year fishes are swept down the rivers by the winter's 

 floods; 'and in the spring, as the spawning season approaches, 

 almost every species is found working its way up the stream. 

 In some cases, notably the Quinnat salmon (Oncorhynchus 

 tschawytscha Walbaum) and the blueback salmon (Oncor- 

 liynchus chus ncrka Walbaum), the length of these migra- 

 tions are surprisingly great. To some species rapids and 

 shallows have proved a sufficient barrier, and other kinds 

 have been kept back by unfavorable conditions of various 

 sorts. Streams whose waters are always charged with silt 

 or sediment, as the Missouri, Arkansas or Brazos, do not in- 

 vite fishes; and even the occasional floods of red mud, such 

 as disfigure otherwise clear streams, like the Red River, or 



There are three species of darters (Etheostoma copclandi Jor- 

 dan; Ethcostonm evides Jordan and Oopeland; Etheostoma sc-iermn- 

 Swain) which are now known only from the Ozark region or 

 bevond and from the uplands of Indiana, not yet having been 

 found at any point between Indiana and Missouri. These consti- 

 tute perhaps isolated colonies, now separated from the parent 

 stock in Arkansas by the prairie districts of Illinois, a region at 

 present uuiuhabitable for these flsnes. But flie non-occurrence 

 of these species oyer the intervening areas needs confirmation, as 

 do mtfst similar case's of anomaloua distribution. 



the Colorado (of Texas), are unfavorable. Extremely un- 

 favorable also is the condition which obtains in many rivers 

 of the southwest; as for example, the Red River, theSabine, 

 and the Trinity, which are full from bank to bank in winter 

 and spring, and which dwindle to mere rivulets in the 

 autumn droughts. 



In general, those streams which have conditions most 

 favorable to fish life will be found to contain the greatest 

 number of species. Such streams invite immigration: and 

 in them the struggle for existence is individual against indi- 

 vidual, species against species, and not a mere struggle, with 

 hard conditions of life. Some of the conditions most favor- 

 able to the existence in any stream of a large number of 

 species of fishes are the following, the most important of 

 which is the, one mentioned first: Connection with a large 

 hydragraphic basin; a warm climate; clear water; a moderate 

 current; a bottom of gravel (preferably covered by a growth 

 of weeds); little fluctuation during the year in the volume of 

 the stream or in the character of the water. 



Limestone streams usually yield more species than st reams 

 flowing over sandstone, and either more than the streams of 

 regions having metamorphic rocks. Sandy bottoms usually 

 are not favorable to fishes. In general, glacial drift makes a 

 suitable river bottom, but the higher temperature usual in 

 regions beyond the limits of the drift gives to certain South- 

 ern streams conditions still more favorable. These con- 

 ditions are all well realized in the Washita River in Arkan- 

 sas, and in various tributaries of the Tennessee, Cumberland 

 and Ohio; and in these, among American streams, the great- 

 est number of species has been recorded. 



The isolation and the low temperature of the rivers of 

 New England have given to them a very scanty fish-fauna 

 as compared with the rivers of the South and West. This 

 fact has been noticed by Professor Agassiz, who has called 

 New England a "zoological island." * 



In spite of the fact that barriers of every sort are some- 

 times crossed by fresh-water fishes, we must still regard the 

 matter of freedom of water communication as the essential 

 one in determining the range of most species. The larger 

 the river basin, the greater the variety of conditions likely 

 to be offered in it, and the greater the number of its species. 

 In case of the divergence of new forms by the process called 

 "natural selection," the greater the number of such forms 

 which may have spread through its waters; the more ex- 

 tended any river basin, the greater are the chances that any 

 given species may sometimes find its way into it; hence the 

 greater the number of species that actually occur in it, and, 

 freedom of movement being assumed, the greater the num- 

 ber of species to be found in any one of its affluents. 



Of the 600 species found in the rivers of the United States, 

 about 200 have been recorded from the basin of the Missis- 

 sippi. From 50 to 100 of these species can be found in any 

 one of the. tributary streams of the size, say of the Housa- 

 tonic River or the Charles. In the Conneticut River there 

 are about 18 species pei-manently resident; and the number 

 found in the streams of Texas is not much larger, the best 

 known of these, the Rio Colorado, having yielded but 24 

 species. 



"In this isolated region of North America, in this zoological 

 island of New England, as we may call it, we find, neither Lepi- 

 dosteus, nor Polvodon, nor Amblodon (Aplodinotus), nor Grystes 

 (Micropterus), nor Oentrarchus, nor Pomoxis, nor Ambloplites, 

 nor Oalliurus (Cluenohnjttus), nor Carpiodes, nor Hyodon, nor in- 

 deed any of the characteristic forms of North American fishes so 

 common everywhere else, with the exception of two {Lepomts), 

 one Boleosom'a, and a few Catostomus."— Agassiz, Amer. Journ. 

 Set. Arts, 1854. 



|[TO BE CONTINUED.] 



NEW YORK OYSTER LAW. 



AN amendment to the oyster law of New York was ap- 

 proved by the Governor on June 4, and is as follows: 

 SECTION 1. Subdivision eight of section six hundred and 

 forty of the Penal Code is hereby amended so as to read 

 as follows: 



8. Unlawfully takes or carries away, or interferes with, 

 oi disturbs by any means the oysters or other shellfish of 

 another legally planted upon the bed of any river, bay, 

 sound or water; or removes, pulls up or destroys any stake 

 designating or marking out the legally planted oyster bed 

 of another; or, 



SEC. 2. This act shall take effect immediately. 



Dogs; Thei r Management and Treatment in Disease. By 

 Ashmont. Price $2. Kennel Record and Account Book. 

 Price $3. Training vs. Breaking. By S. T. Hammond. 

 Price $1. First Lessons in Dog Training, with Points of 

 all Breeds. Price 25 cents. 



FIXTURES. 



DOG SHOWS. 



Ten- 

 Entries 



street, New York. 



Aug. 27 to 31— Toledo Dog Show, Toledo, O. H. E. Cook, Super- 

 intendent. 



Sept. 4 to 7.— Second Annual Dog Show of the Michigan Kennel 

 Club, Detroit, Mich. H. E. Cook, Superintendent. 



Sept. 11 to 14.— First Dog Show of the Buffalo International Fail- 

 Association, at Buffalo, N. Y. C. W. Robinson, Secretary. 



Sept. 18 to 31.— First Annual Dog Show of the Syracuse Kennel 

 Club, at Syracuse, N. Y. Howard B. Rathboae, Secretary. 



Sept. 24 to 27.— Fifth Dog Show at London, Ont. O.A.Stone 

 Superintendent. 



Sept. 25 to 28.— Second Annual Dog Show of the Bristol Park 

 Agricultural Society, Bristol, Conn. Entries close Sept. 22. C. 

 F. Barnes, Secretary. 



Oct. 9 to 12.— First Dog Show of the Virginia Field Sports Asso- 

 ciation, at Richmond, Va. B. H. Grundy, Secretary, Room 26, 

 Shafer Building. Entries close Oct. 1. 



Feb. 12 to 15, 1889.— Fifth Dog Show of the New Jersey Kennel 

 Club, at Jersey City, N. J. Geo. L. Wilms, Secretary, 142 Monti- 

 cello avenue, Jersey City, N. J. 



Feb. 19 to 22, 1889.— Thirteenth Annual Snow of the Westminster 

 Kennel Club, New York. James Mortimer, Superintendent. 



Feb. 26 to March 1, 1889.— Second Annual Show of the Renssalaer 

 Kennel Club, Troy, N. Y. Alba M. Ide. Secretary- 

 March 5 to 8. 1889.— Second Annual Dog Show of the Albany 

 Kennel Club, at Albany, N. Y. Geo. B. Gallup, Secretary. 



March 12 to 15, 1889.— Second Annual Show of the Fort Schuyler 

 Kennel Club, Utica, N. V. James W. Dunlop, President. 



March 19 to 22, 1889.— First Annual Doe Show of the Maryland 

 Kenn<d Club, at Baltimore, Md. W. S. Diffenderffer, Secretary. 



March 26 to 29, 1889.— First Annual Dog Show of the Massachu- 

 setts Kennel Club, at Lynn, Mass. D. A. Williams, Secretary. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Sept. 11.— Third Annual Field Trials of the Manitoba Field 

 Trials Club. Derby entries close July 1. All- Aged entries Aug. 1. 

 Thos. Johnson, Secretary, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 



Nov. 1.— Second Annual Field Trials of the Indiana Kennel 

 Club, at Bicknell, Ind. P. T. Madison, Secretary, Indianapolis, 

 Ind. 



Nov. 19.— Tenth Annual Field Trials of the Eastern Field Trials 

 Club, at High Point, N. C. (Members' Stake, Nov. 15.) W. A. 

 Coster, Secretary, Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 



Dec. 3.— First Annual Field Trials of the Southern Field Trial 

 Club, at Amory, Miss. T. M. Brumby, Secretary, Chattanooga, 

 Tenn. 



Dec. 10.— Second Annual Field Trials of the American Field 

 Trials Club, at West point, Miss-. C. W» Paris, Secretary, Cin'oin- 

 nath O, 



™ J ??-i 4 '. 1( ! 89 AT^ lxth Annual Field Trials of the Pacific Coast 

 Field Trial Club, at Bakersficld, Cal. N. P. Sheldon, Secretary, 

 Q 20 Sansome street, San Francisco, Cal. 



COURSING. 



Oct. 15.— Third Annual Meeting of the American Ooursing Club 

 at Great Bend, Kan. F. K. Doan, Secretary, 1210 (Hive street, St 

 Louis, Ko. 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 

 rpHE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration 

 of pedigrees, etc. (with prize lists of all shows and trials), is 

 published every month. Entries close on the 1st. Should be in 

 early. Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed 

 envelope. Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany r each entry. 

 No entries inserted unless paid in advance. Yearly subscription 

 -60. Address "American Kennel Register," P. O. Box 2832, New 

 York. Number of entries already printed 636 2 . 



AMERICAN FIELD TRIAL CLUB DERBY. 



CINCINNATI, O., July 12— Editor Forest and Stream-' 

 J Inclosed please find lists of entries to American Field 

 Trial Club Derby. Entries closed July 1, with 35 setters and 

 15 pointers. All were whelped in the year 1887. 



ENGLISH SETTEES. 

 Raymond (J. Treadwell Richards, New York, N. Y.), white 

 cross-bred dog, whelped June 20 (Dan— Nell). 



Flossie Noble (J. H. Peebles, Birmingham. Ala.), lemon 

 belton bitch, whelped September (King Noble— Elsie Bet 

 ton). 



Hope Lass (J. O. H. Denny, Ligonier, Pa.), black, white 

 and tan bitch, whelped Julv 1 (Gath's Hope— Lady May). 



G U r Noble (J. I. Case. Jr. , Racine, Wis.), black, white and 

 tan dog, whelped Jan. 15 (King Noble— Queen Vashti). 



RESOLUTE (J. I. Case, Jr.,), blue belton dog, whelped Jan. 

 15 (King Noble — Queen Vashti). 



LOTTA C. (J. I. Case, Jr.,), orange and white bitch, whelped 

 Jan. 15 ( King Noble — Queen Vashti). 



Net A NOBLE (J. I. Case, Jr.,), blue belton bitch, whelped 

 July 19 (King Noble— Nellie Belton). 



Florence Gladstone (J. t Case, Jr.,), black, white and 

 tan bitch, whelped Jan. 2 (Gladstone— Flounce). 



DAsn (W. H. Wallingford, Newport, KyJ. black, white 

 and tan dog, whelped Jan. 27 (Mingo— Zoe W.'). 



Daisy Fisher (H. S. Bevan, Lamar, Miss.), orange and 

 white bitch, whelped April 9 (Gath's Hope— Daisy F.). 



Dimple (F. F. Myles, Memphis, Tenn.), black, white and 

 tan bitch, Jan. 20 (McFarlanu's Gordon — Blanch). 



Caliph (F. G. Winchell, Redfield, Dak.), black, white and 

 tan dog, Aug. 9 (Kota— Topsy). 



Boi Gladstone (Geo. T. Hodgson, Athens, Ga.), black, 

 white and tan dog, April 22 (Gladstone— Ruby II.). 



Marker (Geo. T. Hodgson. Athens, Ga.), black, white and 

 tan dog. May 83 (Gath's Mark— Lufra). 



Lady Piedmont (Geo. T. Hodgson, Athens, Ga.), black, 

 white and tan bitch, March 19 (Dashing Rover— Ranee). 



Vic (Geo. T. Hodgson, Athens, Ga.), red bitch, March 23 

 (Dan— Nora). 



LlNDE (Mt. Washington Kennels, Pittsburgh, Pa.), black, 

 white and tan dog, Jan. 2 (Gladstone— Flounce). 



Zach (I. Yeasley, Jr., Coatesville. Pa.), black, white and 

 tan dose, March 16 (Roybel III.— Fraud). 



Lucy II. (I. Yeasley, Jr., Coatesville, Pa.), black, white 

 and tan bitch, March 16 (Roybel III.— Fraud). 



Daisy's Hope (R. M. Dudley, Nashville, Tenn.), liver and 

 white dog, April 9 (Gath's Hope— Daisy F.). 



FELIX M. (D. E. Rose, Lawreneeburg, Tenn.), liver and 

 white dog, April 9 (Gath's Hope — Daisy F.). 



Hope's Daisy (A. M. Young, Nashville, Tenn.), liver and 

 white bitch, April 9 (Gath's Hope— Daisy F.). 



Five Unnamed (Memphis and Avent Kennels. Memphis, 

 Tenn.), black, white and tan, three dogs and two bitches, 

 June (Roderigo— Bo Peep). 



Mildred (C, E. McMurdo, Charlottesville, Va.), liver and 

 white bitch, Feb. 25 (Dashing Rover— Muriel). 



Count Piedmont (C. E. McMurdo), black, white and tan 

 dog, Aug. 9 (Count Noble— Belle of Piedmont). 



Glen Piedmont (C. E. McMurdo), blue belton and tan dog, 

 Aug. 9 (Count Noble— Belle of Piedmont). 



Kitty N. (Howard Hartley. Pittsburgh, Pa.), black, white 

 and tan bitch, Feb. 9 (Count Noble— Kit Kilbird). 



WEE Daisy (W. A. Wheatley, Memphis, Tenn.), white, 

 blue and ticked bitch. Aug. 8 (Gath's Mark— Daisey). 



Mary Meade (W. A. Wheatley), white and orange bitch, 

 May 16 (Bunroy — Florence). 



IRISH SETTERS. 



DON (C. P. Hunt, Memphis, Tenn.), red dog, Aug. 1 (Bis- 

 marck— Prent). 



Shot (C. P. Hunt, Memphis, Tenn.), red dog, Aug. 1 (Bis- 

 marck — Prent) . 



POINTERS. 



Noble Bang (Chas. Wheaten, Dayton, O.). liver and 

 white dog, whelped Aug. 14 (Bang Rang— champion Vanity). 



Van Bang (Chas. G. Stoddard, Dayton, O.), liver and 

 white bitch, whelped Aug. 14 (Bang Bang— champion 

 Vanity). 



GLAMORIGAN (Louis A. Biddle, Philadelphia, Pa.), liver 

 and white dog, whelped June (Robert le Diable — Tuck). 



Duke of Maine (H. F. Farnham, Portland, Maine), liver 

 and white dog, whelped June 1 (Beppo III. — May P.). 



SANCH (John A. Greenleaf, Auburn, Maine)', liver and 

 white dog, whelped June 1 (Beppo III.— May F). 



Stella (F. R. Hitchcock, New York, N. Y.), liver and 

 white bitch, whelped Jan. 22 (Naso of Kippen— Boski). 



NANTURA (Fred. F. Harris, Portland, Me.), liver and 

 white bitch, whelped August (champion Nick of Naso — 

 Portland Lily). 



Nutwood (Fred. F. Harris), liver and white dog, whelped 

 August (champion Nick of Naso — Portland Lily). 



Sonny (Castleman Kennels, Trenton, Tenn.), liver and 

 white dog, August (Rod — Belle). 



GAL (Castleman Kennels), liver and white bitch, whelped 

 February (Rod— Juno). 



Tennie (Castleman Kennels), liver and white bitoh, 

 whelped August (Rod — Nell). 



Petrarch (Highland Kennels. Red Bank, N. J.), liver and 

 white dog, whelped June 24 (Robert le Diable— Malite). 



Joyce of Hall's Island (O. W. Donner, Coosa w, S. C), 

 liver and white bitch, whelped March 24 (Lad of Bow— 

 Bloomo). 



Orange Girl (Howard Hartley, Pittsburgh, Pa.), lemon 

 bitch, whelped Feb. 28 (Sweep— Flotsam). 



Roswell (John S. Wise, Richmond, Va.), liv°r and white 

 dog, whelped March 5 (Robert le Diable — Young Beulah). 



C. W. Paris, Sec'y-Treas. 



THAT PRONUNCIAMENTO.-.E<2ttor Forest and Stream: 

 "Better late than never," but it would have been still better 

 if Mr. Belmont had thought the public of sufficient import- 

 ance to inform them when he fulminated a pronunciamento, 

 that although there had been no meeting of the executive 

 committee of the A. K. C., he had secured practical indorse- 

 ment of his course. The previous history of the A. K. C. 

 has been exactly the thing to prepare the public for any act 

 of executive arrogauce, and any amount of self-nullification 

 of its own rules. I am pleased to hear that this is to be 

 changed, and when it is done I will believe it. A reading of 

 my original article should show that I struck at the A. K. C. 

 way of doing things, not at Mr. Vredetiburg personally.— 

 W. Wade (Hulton, Pa- , July 6). 



