40 



NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



The value of the internal waters of the State to some of the 

 lending industries, such as the lumber industry and the woodpulp 

 and paper industry, may be noted. On the Hudson river, from 

 1851 to 1897, inclusive, the total number of logs taken to market 

 by water transportation was 23,313,585, these market logs fur- 

 nishing 4.662,717.000 feet 13. M. of lumber. The cost of driving- 

 logs from the headwaters of the Hudson to the Big Boom above 

 Glens Falls is said to be from 50 to 75 cents per thousand 

 feet B. M. 



The wood-pulp and paper industry is developed in New York 

 State to a point beyond that reached in any other State of the 

 Union. On January 1, 1900, there were 191.117 net water horse- 

 power in use in the State in the production of mechanical wood- 

 pulp, including from 30,000 to 35,000 consumed in operating paper 

 mills. 



One obstacle to the easy operation of water power in this State 

 is the formation on many streams of frazil or anchor ice. A 

 study of the formation of frazil and anchor ice, as made by the 

 Montreal Harbor Commissioners, indicates that it may be possible 

 to learn in the future how to remedy this difficulty. 



The most of these interesting questions are discussed in detail 

 in the following pages. 



The relation of the mountains to the river valleys. Studying 

 the hypsography of New York one can not fail to be struck with 

 the fact that there are within the boundaries of this State six 

 main elevated mountainous or semimountainous regions from 

 which waters issue in all directions. In order then to understand 

 the river systems of the State we need to briefly consider the 

 moan iniiis as appearing in Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Allegany 

 and Steuben counties and extending northward into Erie, 

 Wyoming, Livingston, Ontario and Yates counties. The Genesee 

 river and the lake system of western New Y^ork mostly lie in 

 valleys between the spurs of these mountains. On the State line 

 between New York and Pennsylvania the higher peaks of the 

 Allegheny^ rise to an altitude of over 3500 feet. North of the 

 Allegheny river there is a well-defined plateau, varying in elevation 



