HYDROLOGY OF NEW YORK 839 



Gross horse- 

 power 



Oswego river and tributaries 40,000 



Black river and tributaries 120,000 



Other tributaries of Lake Ontario 10,000 



St Lawrence river 400.000 



Oswegatchie, Grasse, Kaquette, St Regis, Salmon, 



Chateaugay, and other streams tributary to the 



St Lawrence 150,000 



Saranac, Ausable, Lake George outlet, and other 



streams tributary to Lake Champlain 40,000 



Hudson river and tributaries, not including Mohawk 



river 210,000 



Mohawk river and tributaries 60,000 



Streams tributary to Allegheny river 5,000 



Streams tributary to Susquehanna river 25,000 



Streams tributary to Delaware river 30,000 



Waterpower of Erie canal 10,000 



Total 1,518.000 



OBSTRUCTIVE EFFECT OF FRAZIL OR ANCHOR ICE 



A very serious difficulty in operating waterpowers on many of 

 the more rapid streams of this State is that caused by the forma- 

 tion and agglomeration of frazil and anchor ice, and probably 

 there is no subject in connection with waterpower development 

 which presents so many difficulties as this. So far as can be 

 learned, nothing has been done in the State in the way of studying 

 these phenomena, although the waterpowers on many Xew York 

 streams are reported as subject to interruption nearly every year 

 on account of the formation of frazil and anchor ice. The way 

 to find a remedy is first to ascertain all that can be learned in 

 regard to the difficulty to be overcome. From this point of view 

 it is deemed proper to include herein a short account of studies 

 of frazil and anchor ice made in the neighboring Dominion of 

 Canada. 



Under the direction of John Kennedy, Chief Engineer of the 

 Harbor Commissioners' works at Montreal, very extensive studies 

 of the formation of frazil and anchor ice have been made. The 



