Aug. 11, 1887.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



61 



selves or their clerk, subpoena witnesses and administer oaths, as 

 in courts of law. 



Sec. 5. The hoard of commissioners of shellnsherios shall, upon 

 making the. said final decisions as to the location, limits area and 

 designation of the several public grounds in the. country, publish 

 the same in the county in which the said public grounds are 

 located, and in two newspapers having n general circulation in 

 the State, and shall announce in the said publication that at the 

 expiration of Vwe.nty days from the first day of publication the 

 territory within said county and embraced within the provisions 

 of this act will be open for entry in manner and form as herein- 

 after provided, and any person or persons desiring to raise, plant 

 or cultivate shell fish upon any ground in the county which has 

 not been designated as public ground by the hoard of shellfish 

 commissioners, may, at the expiration of the said period of 

 twenty days, make an application in writing, in which shall be 

 stated', as nearly as may be, the area, limits and location of the 

 ground desired, to the entry-taker of the county in which the said 

 area for which application is made is situated, for a franchise for 

 the purpose of raising or cultivating shellfish in said grounds, and 

 the said entry-taker, having received said application, shall pro- 

 ceed as with all other entries, as provided in Section 3705 of the 

 Code, as amended, except that the warrant, to survey and locate 

 the ground or grounds shall he delivered to the engineer ap- 

 pointed by the board of commissioners of shellfisheries and not to 

 the county surveyor, and the said engineer shall make such sur- 

 veys in accordance with the provisions of Section 2.769 of the 

 Code, except that, it shall not he necessary to employ chain-bear- 

 ers, nor to administer oaths to assistants, nor to make surveys ac- 

 cording to the priority of the application or warrant. 



Sec. 6. The Secretary of State, ou receipt of the Auditor's cer- 

 tificate as provided in Section 2,778 of the Code, shall grant t o the 

 applicant a written instrument! conveying a perpetual franchise 

 for the purpose of raising and cultivating shellfish In and to tho 

 grounds for which application is made, and the said written in- 

 strument of conveyance shall be authenticated by the Governor, 

 countersigned by the Secretary and recorded in his office. The 

 date of the application for the franchise and a description of the 

 ground for which such franchise was granted shall be inserted in 

 each instrument, and no grant shall issue except, in accordance 

 with a. certificate from the "engineer of the commissioners of shell- 

 fisheries, as to the area, limits and locat ion of the grounds in 

 which the said franchise is to he granted, and every person obtain- 

 ing such grant or franchise shrill within three months from the 

 receipt of the same, record tho said written instrument in the 

 office of the register of deeds for the county wherein the said 

 grounds may lie, and shall delmo the boundaries of the said 

 grounds by suitable stakes, buoys, ranges or monuments; but no 

 franchise shall be given in or to any of the public grounds as 

 determined by the commissioners of shellfisheries. and all fran- 

 chises granted under this or previous acts shall be and remain in 

 the grantee, his heirs and legal representatives, provided that the 

 bolder or holders shall make, in good faith, within five years from 

 the day of obtaining said franchise, an actual effort to raise and 

 cultivate shell fish on said grounds. And provided further that 

 the area hereinbefore described, lying within two statute miles of 

 the main land or any island, shall be entered or held only by resi- 

 dents of the State of North Carolina, and no grant shall be made 

 to any one person of more than ten acres of said territory, and no 

 person shall hold more than ten acres in any creek unless the 

 same shall be acquired through devisej inheritance or marriage. 

 And all that territory within the provisions of this act and lving 

 more than two miles from the mainland or any island, shall be 

 Bubject to entry by any person, but no person shall be permitted 

 r.o enter in any one period of five years, more than six hundred and 

 forty acres. 



Sec. 7. Twcnt.v-five cents per acre shall be paid to the State 

 Treasurer for all franchises granted, and all moneys received for 

 the granting of franchises or for taxes laid on the said grounds or 

 on property thereon, shall be set apart and kept separate for the 

 ourpose of defraying the. expenses entailed by the provisions of 

 this Act, and any moneys remaining after the payment of said 

 exne.uses shall be paid into and credited to the school fund. 



Sec. 8. The Secretary of State is hereby authorized and empow- 

 ered to hire and take upon leases, not exceeding a term of ten 

 years, in the name and behalf of the. State, anv such plot or plots 

 of ground within the State as may be deemed necessary for the 

 constructing, erectintr, set ting, maintaining and protecting of sig- 

 nals, beacons, bound-stones, posts or buoys to be used in designa- 

 ting, locating, surve vine- or mapping any shellfish grounds, aud 

 anv person who shall wilfully injure or remove any such beacon, 

 bound -stone, post or buo.v, or any part, appurtenance or enclosure 

 tberoof, or any buoy, stake, mark or range of any private or public 

 shellfish ground, shall bo guilty of a misdemeanor. 



Sec. 9. All grounds taken up or held under this or previous Arts 

 shall be subject to taxation as real estate and sha If be so consid- 

 ered in the settlement of the estates of deceased or insolvent 

 persons. 



Sec. 10. The hoard of County Commissioners shall have entire 

 control and jurisdiction over all public grounds lying within the 

 boundaries of the counties, shall place and maintain such marks, 

 and shall prescribe and publish at the court house door and at 

 four other public places in the country such rules and regulations 

 as may be necessary for the governance and control of the fish- 

 eries on such public grounds. 



Sec. 11. Any person wbo shall willfully commit any trespass or 

 injury with anv instrument or implement unon anv ground desig- 

 nated under this act, upon which shellfish are being raised or 

 cultivated or shall remove, destroy or deface any mark or monu- 

 ment set up by the Board of County Commissioners, by virtue of 

 Section 10 of this act, or wbo shall violate the rules and regula- 

 tions prescribed bv the said board for the governance and control 

 of the fishery on the public grounds, or who shall work on any 

 oyster ground at m'ebt shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. But 

 nothing in the provision of this or any act shall be construed as 

 authorizing interference with the capture of migratory fishes or 

 free navigation or the right to use on any private ground any 

 method or implement for the taking, growing or cultivation of 

 shellfish. 



Sec. 12. Entry takers shall make return to the Secretary of 

 State of all franchises granted under this act in the same manner 

 as provided in Section 2,776 of the Code, and the provisions of 

 Sections 2,777 and 2,778 of the Code are hereby extended so as to 

 cover the grants or franchises in grounds for raising or cultivating 

 shellfish as authorized by this act, and all applications, grants, 

 warrants and assignments of franchises in or to oyster grounds, 

 shall be in manner and form as approved by the Attorney Gen- 

 eral of the State. 



Sec. 13. All grants of grounds under previous acts for the pur- 

 pose of cultivating shellfish in the territory within the provisions 

 of this act are hereby confirmed and made good in the grantees, 

 their heirs and assigns, provided the holders of said grounds shall, 

 within one year, file with the Secretary of State certified copies of 

 their licenses and surveys, and that the said surveys be found 

 correct by the engineer of the commissioners of shellfisheries, 

 and in case such surveys are found to be incorrect, the grounds 

 shall be resurveyed by said engineer as soon as practicable, and in 

 designating lots anv person who has made in good faith an actual 

 effort to raise or cultivate shellfish on the area for which applica- 

 tion is made, shall ha ve the prior right to a grant or franchise in 

 said grounds; but nothing contained in the act shall be construed 

 to validate any entry heretofore made of a natura l bed. 



Sec. 14. The commissioners of shellfisheries shall keep hooks of 

 record, in which shall be recorded a full description of all grounds 

 granted under the provisions of this act, and shall keep a map or 

 maps upon which shall be shown the position and limits of all 

 public and private grounds. 



Sec. If). Any person who shall stea l or feloniously take, catch or 

 capture, or carry away any shellfish from the bed or ground of 

 another, shall be guilty of larceny and punished accordingly. 



Sec. 16. All acts or parts of acts in conflict with the preceding 

 sections are hereby repealed. 



Sec. 17. This act shall take effect on and after the day of its 

 ratification. 



Ratified this, the 28th day of February, A. D., 1887. 



THE JAPANESE COMMISSIONER. — Our readers will re- 

 member our announcement of the arrival of Mr. K. Ito, the 

 Commissioner of Fisheries for northern Japan, on his mis- 

 sion to learn American methods of catching, curing, trans- 

 porting and breeding fish. Mr. Ito received a good English 

 education in his own country and was familiar with all that 

 has been published on the subject of the fisheries and fish- 

 culture, but wished to see the. practical work. To this end 

 he has spent several months in this country examining the 

 models in the National Museum, the fish hatcheries at Cold 

 Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Northville, Mich.; Wood's HoU, Mass., 

 and Buckport, Me.; the methods of catching and curing cod 

 at Gloucester, Mass.; the sardine "factories" in Maine and 

 the menhaden oil and guano works on Long Island, Rhode 

 Island and elsewhere. On Monday last he called at our 

 office and ordered the paper sent to his address in Japan for 

 three years and then left for the Pacific coast to inspect the 



salmon fisheries and canneries, and will then sail for home 

 with more knowledge of the fishing industries of America, 

 in all branches, than is possessed by anv American outside 

 of a few who are connected with the U. S. Ei.sh Commission 

 and who can be numbered on the fingers of one hand. We 

 have been surprised at the amount of varied and accurate 

 information gathered by Mr. Ito, from the rig of a Glouces- 

 ter schooner to the making of fine fishing tackle or the sous- 

 ing of mackerel. We are promised some notes on the method 

 of angling in Japan which will be of interest. The Japanese 

 have fiy-fisbers among them and we have seeu some artistic 

 flies tied by them. 



BLACK BASS IN GERMANY. — In a private letter Hen- 

 Max von dem Borne writes that the breeding of black bass 

 in German waters has been very successful, and that the 

 crop of fry this year will be very large. In 1884 he had 1,517 

 fry; in 1885, 20,400 fry; and last year 31.700. At least 60,000 

 are expected this summer. 



" FOREST RUNES." 



From the Nation, Any. !,. 



AMONG the books of the months there are two volumes, both 

 American, which are rich in out-of-door flavor. Readers of 

 tho earlier volumes of the Atlantic Monthly may recall a poem by 

 a correspondent at the time unknown, the versos being entitled 

 "John o 1 the Smithy." It was a contribution that thoroughly de- 

 lighted the editor, Mr. .lames T. Fields, who was never weary of 

 reciting its vigorous refrain: 



" Down in the vale where the mavis sings; 



And the brook is turning an old-time wheel, 

 From morning till night the anvil rings 



Where John o' the Smithy is forgmg steel. 

 My lord rides out at the castle gate, 



My lady is grand in bower and hall, 

 With men and maidens to cringe and wait. 

 But John o' the Smithy must pay for all." (P. 61.) 

 This hearty ring, and the rather foreign dramatis persona, led 

 readers (o suppose that this poem was by some transplanted York- 

 shireman; but he turned out, on the contrary, to be an American 

 of the Americans and a woodsman among woodsmen. The title 

 of his volume is "Forest Runes." by George W. Sears ("Nessmuk") 

 (Forest and Stream Publishing Co.). He was born, he. tells us, in 

 a cabin on the borders of Douglas Woods, in Massachusetts, near 

 Nepmug Pond and Junkaniaug Lake, and has "spent a large share 

 of the summer months in the deep forests, and mostly alone, for 

 fifty years." His face — that of a shrewd and weather-beaten man 

 of sixty-four — looks out of the frontispiece; and his poetry is that 

 of a simpler and more genuine Walt Whitman, that of a man wbo 

 lives in the open air and speaks his mind. He is incomparably 

 more modest, withal, and says, in the prelude to one poem, "In- 

 scribed to the memory of Uncle John Mayo, a Puritan freethinker. 

 * * * If my lines were as good as the man I could discount 

 Milton." Never actually accomplishing that audacious feat, the 

 author gives us fresh, strong, wayward pictures of man and 

 nature, including some striking delineations of Brazilian life, 

 such as show him to have penetrated remoter forests than those 

 of North America." 



%t WenneL 



FIXTURES. 



DOG SHOWS. 



Aug. 30 to Sent. 2.— Hornell Kennel Club Show, Hornellsville, 

 N. Y. J. Otis Fellows, Superintendent. 



Sept. 7 and 8. -Second Show of the Fox-Terrier Club, Newport, 

 R. I. Entries close. Aug. 27. F. Hoey, Sec. Long Branch, N. J. 



Sept. 18 to 16. — First Show St. Paul and Minnesota, Kennel Club, 

 St. Paul, Minn. W. G. Whitehead. Secretary; Chas. Weil, Super- 

 intendent. 



Sept. 20 to 23. -Fourth Show of the New Jersey Kennel Club, 

 Waverlv. N. J. Percy C. Obi. Secretary, U Broadway, N. Y, 



Sept. 20 to 23.— Wisconsin Kennel Club's Annual Show, Mil- 

 waukee, Wis. R. D. Whitehead, Manager. 



Sept. 27 to 30.— Annual Show of the Southern Ohio Fair Associ- 

 ation, at Dayton, O. M. A. Nipgen, Secretary. 



Oct. 12 and 13.— Thi rd Annual Show of the Stafford Kennel Club, 

 Stafford Springs, Conn. R. S. Hicks. Secretary. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Sept. 0.— Manitoba Field Trials Club Field Trials. Derby entries 

 will close July 1; all-aged entries Aug. 1. Secretary, Hubert Gait, 

 Winnipeg, Manitoba. 



Oct. 31.— First Annual Field Trials of the Indiana Kennel Club 

 at Bicknel. Ind. Open to dogs owned in Indiana, P. T. Madison, 

 Secretary, Lock Box 4, Indianapolis, Ind. 



Nov. 7.— Third Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association. R. C. Van Horn, Secretary, Kansas City. Mo. 



Nov, 21.— Ninth Annual Field Trials of the Eastern Field Trials 

 Club, at High Point, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, 

 Kings County. N. Y. 



December.— First Annual Field Trials of the American Field 

 Trials Club, at Florence, Ala. C W. Paris, Secretary, Cincinnati, 

 O. . 



WAVERLY DOG SHOW. 



Editor Forest and Stream: 



The following judges have been selected for theN. J. K. C. 

 show at Waverlv, N. J., Sept. 30 to 23 next: Mastiffs. Mr. 

 Chas. C. Marshall. St. Bernards, Mr. K. E. Hopf. New- 

 foundlands, Great Danes. English setters, black and tan 

 setters, foxhounds, Basset hounds, dachshunde, miscellane- 

 ous and selline: classes, Mr. Percy C. Ohl. Fox-terriers, Mr. 

 Fred Hoey. Pointers, Mr, Geo. L. Wilms. Irish setters, 

 Mr. Max Wenzel. All sporting spaniel classes, Mr. A. C. 

 Wilmerding. Judges for the remaining classes have not 

 yet been selected. 



Several special prizes have been offered since the premium 

 list went to press. 



The Adams, U. S. aud American Express Co.'s will return 

 8,11 dogs free which have not changed ownership. The D., L. 

 & W. R. R. Co. of N. J. will carry all dogs free if accompa- 

 nied by owner; the latter road as far as Elizabeth. The 

 Pennsylvania R. R. have not yet been heard from. 



Drs. Glover and Arrowsmith will act as veterinarians. 



Entries close Sept. 5. Grco. L. Wilms, Sec. 



The premium list is ready for inspection. The following 

 card in the premium list explains itself : 



"to our friends, the exhibitors. 



"The New Jersey Kennel Club has given three bench 

 shows within two years and sustained a net loss of $2,800. 

 The club would have gladly rested from its labors, but being 

 under contract with the New Jersey Agricultural Society to 

 give a show this fall, will carry out its agreement ; but feels 

 compelled to pursue a very conservative course. There will 

 not be any money prizes offered, but each winner will receive 

 a handsome diploma. We trust exhibitors will not be gov- 

 erned by the desire for the money consideration, but bear in 

 mind that wins scored will count the same with the A. K. C. 

 Honors being equal, we hope for a liberal support from our 

 friends." '__ 



ROBINS ISLAND CLUB. 



Editor Forest and Stream: 



I take pleasure in informing you that we have secured Mr. 

 H. M. Short to take the general management and care of the 

 Robins Island Club and their dogs. Mr. Short is now ou 

 the island. Our club is in a most prosperous condition. We 

 have made several additions to the kennel in the way of blue 

 bloods. Our sixth annual field trials will take place in 

 November, onen to members only, Mr. E. W. McClare is the 

 secretary. We expect a much larger supply of birds than 

 usual, on account of having discovered a lot of mink on the 

 island near the pond on the west side, which we have caught 

 and destroyed. This will rid us of one of the quail enemies, 

 and we shall put out more birds than we have formerly. Our 

 members are enjoying the island greatly during the summer 

 and are anticipating the fall opening with much pleasure. 



r , S. Fleet Sp-eir. 



Brqokxtn, Aug. 8, 



THE SENSE OF SMELL IN DOGS. 



OF all the phenomena presented by the higher evolution 

 of sense-organs in the animal kingdom, to my mind 

 the most remarkable is theacuteness of olfactory perception 

 which is exhibited by certain orders of mammalia. All the 

 other faculties of special sense are, so to speak, more evenly 

 distributed throughout the vertebrated series; so that when 

 we compare our own sense of sight, of hearing or of taste, 

 with those of vertebrated animals in general, we at once 

 recognize that they are comparable. But such is not the 

 case with the sense of smell, for in many of the carnivora, 

 ruminants, etc., this sense has undergone so enormous a 

 development as to be suggestive of differing from our own 

 not merely in degree, but in kind. Any one, for example', 

 who is accustomed to deer stalking rmist often have been 

 freshly astonished at the precautions which it is needful to 

 take in order to prevent the game from getting wind of the 

 sportsman. Indeed to a novice, such precautions are apt to 

 be regarded as implying a superstitious exaggeration of the 

 possibilities of olfactory perception; and it is not until he 

 has himself seen the deer scent him at some incredible dis- 

 tance that he lends himself without disguised contempt to 

 the direction of the keeper. Yet among the carnivora the 

 sense of smell is even more extraordinary. Here, for in- 

 stance, is an observation upon the subject which I published 

 several years ago and which I now quote because it led to 

 the experiments which it is the object of this paper to de- 

 tail: 



"I once tried an experiment with a terrier of my own 

 which shows, better than anything I have ever read, the 

 almost supernatural capabilities of smell in dogs. On a 

 bank holiday, when the broad walk in Regent's Park was 

 swarming with people of all kinds, walking in all directions, 

 I took my terrier (which T knew had a splendid nose, and 

 could track me for miles) along the walk, and, when his 

 attention was diverted by a strange dog, I suddenly made a 

 number of zigzags across the broad walk, then stood on a 

 seat and watched the terrier. Finding I had not continued 

 in the direction I was going when he left me, he went to the 

 place where he had last seen me, and there, picking up my 

 scent, tracked my footsteps over all the zigzags I had made 

 until he found me. Now, in order to do this he had to dis- 

 tinguish my trail from at least a hundred others quite as 

 fresh, and many thousands of others not so fresh, crossing it 

 at all angles." 



The object of the experiments about to be described was 

 that of ascertaining whether a dog, when thus distinguish- 

 ing his master's trail, is guided by some distinctive smell 

 attaching to his master's shoes, to any distinctive smell of 

 his master's feet, or both of these differences combined. 



I have a setter bitch over which I have shot for eight 

 years. Having a very good nose, she can track me over 

 immense distances, and her devotion to me being very 

 exclusive, she constituted an admirable subject for niv ex- 

 periments. 



These consisted in allowing the bitch to be taken out of 

 the kennel by some one to whom she was indifferent, who 

 then led her to a prearranged spot from which the tracking 

 was to begin. Of course this spot was always to leeward of 

 the kennel, and the person who was to be tracked always 

 walked so as to keep more or less to leeward of the starting 

 point. The district-^-park lands surrounding a house— was 

 an open one, presenting, however, numerous trees, shrub- 

 beries, walls, etc., behind which I could hide at a distance 

 from the starting point, and so observe the animal during 

 the whole course of each experiment. Sundry other pre- 

 cautions, which I need not wait to mention, were taken in 

 order to insure that the bitch should have to depend on her 

 sense of smell alone, and the following are the experiments 

 which were tried: 



1. I walked the grass lands for about a mile in my ordinary 

 shooting boots. The instant she came to the starting point 

 the bitch broke away at her full speed, and, faithfully fol- 

 lowing my track, overtook me iu a few minutes. 



2. I set a man who was a stranger about the place to walk 

 the park. Although repeatedly put upon his trail by my 

 servant, the bitch showed no disposition to follow it. 



3. I had the bitch taken iuto the gun room, where she saw 

 me ready to start for shooting. 1 then left the gun room 

 and went to another part of the house, while my game- 

 keeper left the house by the back door, walked a certain 

 distance to leeward in the direction of some partridge ground, 

 and then concealed himself. The bitch, who was now howl- 

 ing to follow me. was led to the back door by another 

 servant. Quickly finding the trail of the game-keeper, she 

 tracked it for a few yards, but, finding that I had not been 

 with him, she left his trail and hunted about in all direc- 

 tions for mine, which, of course, was nowhere, to be found. 



4. I collected all the men about the place, and directed 

 them to walk close behind one another in Indian file, each 

 man taking care to place his feet in the footprints of his pre- 

 decessor. In this procession, numbering twelve in all, I took 

 the lead, while the gamekeeper brought up the rear. When 

 we had walked two hundred yards, I turned to the right, 

 followed by five of the men ; and at the point where I had 

 turned to the right, the seventh man turned to the left, fol- 

 lowed by all the remainder. The two parties thus formed, 

 after having walked in opposite directions for a considerable 

 distance, concealed themselves, and the bitch was put upon 

 the common track of the whole party before the point of di- 

 vergence. Following this common track with rapidity, she 

 at first overshot the point of divergence, but, quickly recov- 

 ering it, without any hesitation chose the track which turned 

 to the right. Yet in this case my footprints in the common 

 track were overlaid by eleven others, and in the track to the 

 right by five others. Moreover, as, it was the gamekeeper 

 who brought up the rear, and as in the absence of my trail 

 she would always follow his, the fact of his scent being, so 

 to speak, uppermost in the series, was shown in no way to 

 disconcert the animal when following another familiar 

 scent lowei-most in the series. 



5. I requested the stranger before-mentioned to wear my 

 shooting-boots, and in them to walk the park to leeward of 

 the kennel. When the bitch was led to this trail she fol- 

 lowed it with the eagerness wherewith she always followed 

 mine. 



6. I wore this stranger's boots, and walked the park as he 

 had done. Ou being taken to this trail, the bitch could not 

 be induced to follow it. 



7. The stranger walked the park in bare feet; the bitch 

 would not follow the trail. 



8. I walked the park in bare feet; the bitch followed my 

 trail, but in quite a different manner from that which she 

 displayed when following the trail of my shooting-boots. 

 She was so much less eager, and therefore so much less 

 rapid, that her manner was suggestive of great uncertainty 

 whether or not she was on my track. 



9. I walked the park in new shooting-boots which had 

 never been worn by any one. The bitch wholly refused to 

 take to this trail. 



10. I walked the park in my old shootiug-boots, but hav- 

 ing one layer of brown paper glued to their soles and sides. 

 The bitch was led along my track, but paid no attention to 

 it till she came to a place' where, as I had previously ob- 

 served, a small portion of the brown paper first became 

 worn away at one of my heels. Here she immediately recog- 

 nized my trail, and speedily followed it up, although the 

 surface of shoe leather which touched the ground was not 

 more than a few square millimeters. 



11. I walked in my stocking soles, trying first with new 

 cotton socks. The bitch lazily followed the trail a short 

 distance and then gave it up. I next tried woolen socks 

 which I had worn all day, but the result was the same, and 

 therefore quite different from that yielded by my shooting- 



