Nov. 24, 1887.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



383 



PHILADELPHIA, Nov. IT.— In the shoot for a gold medal at 

 Stockton Range yesterday by the Stale Feucibles, the following 

 was the result— military Hlie: 



200yds. nOOyds. 



H L Roberts 34445-20 3444.1-20-40 



J T Patterson 48345-19 34444-19 -38 



J L Du fry 44334-18 44433-18 -30 



W II Harris 335544 -17 334.44—18-35 



J P Corcoran 34505-17 50454-18 -35 



Wm Porter 24138—16 44343—18-34 



TOPEKA, Nov. 12.— To-day at a practice shoot, Prof. F. G. 

 Minkler, The crack .shot of the Topeka Rifle Club, made the bril- 

 liant record of fifteen consecutive hullseyes, at a distance of 

 SOOvds., off-hand, and the last nine shots were a clean scorelof tens. 

 The club is very proud of this record. At the regular shoot of 

 the club, the following scores were. made. 10 shots, 200yds.: 



FG Minkler 89 80 87 OK Morrison 82 80 81 



J L Payne 83 87 78 OK Payne 7C 79 79 



GALLERY SCORES.-The members of the Cosmopolitan Rifle 

 Clnh held their usual weekly meeting Nov. 8. at 613 South Third 

 street, Philadelphia. Owing to its being Election evening tho 

 attendance was rather slim. The following scores were made at 

 40yds. range, possible 120, open sights, off-hand, a specified trial to 

 count. The official score: 



Peter Woods 12 12 12 11 11 13 12 12 12 12—118 



*R Koch 12 12 12 10 12 11 11 11 11-116 



W Denny 12 12 10 12 11 U 12 12 12 11-115 



♦Five points handicap. 



THE TRAP. 



Scores for publication should be made out on the print 'A blanks, 

 prepared In/ the Forest and Stream, and furnished gram to club 

 secretaries. ' Correspondents who favor us with club scores are par- 

 ticularly requested to write on one side of the paper only. 



GUELPH, Nov. 11.— A decidedly interesting pigeon shooting 

 ma.tch took pace here to-day between teams Of ten, representing 

 the Owl Gun Club, of Toronto, and the Guelph Gun Club. The 

 Owls put a good team in the Held, but by no moans their best, 

 several of the leading shots of the club being unable to leave 

 town and others being away on shootinir expeditions in the forests. 

 Consequently Guelph won by 63 to 52; and the Owls accepted their 

 defeat gracefully; 10 birds each, 26yds. rise: 



Shattuck 1010111101-7 Carruthcrs JlUOOOlOl-0 



Walker 1110111011-8 McDowall 1110101000-5 



Slecman 1111011110-8 Lush 0010100000-3 



Edwards 001 1 1 1 1100 -6 Kemp 1001001110-5 



Johnson 1100111111-8 Carruthcrs 1111111100-8 



Hollidav 0110011110-6 Rogers 1000110010-4 



Singular 001 0001001-3 Beat ty 011 1 1 11 010-7 



Ellis OKHWOO ! 00-2 Rice 1011 01 11 1 1- 8 



Turnbull 101 11111 10—8 Robertson 001 00001 10-3 



Wavper 0010 ill 111 — 7 — 63 Unwin 1100010001-4- 52 



Sweepstakes No. I at 5 birds each: G. Carruthcrs 4, J. Rice 4, 

 W. Shattuck 3, J. Curruthevs 3. G. Sleeman 3, J. C. L'nwin 2, W. 

 McDowall 2, J. Wayper 3, L. Singular 2, ,1. Johnson 2, A. Cull 2. 

 C. Rogers, L. Walker and W. Lush killed 1 each, and A. Robertson 

 and 0. Kemp missing their first three retired. 



NEWARK, Nov. 19.— There were two pigeon matches at Erb's. 

 The hirds were a very superior lot, not one dwelliug after the 

 traps were sprung. The first match was between veteran pigeon 

 shooter Sam Castle and Chris Reinhardt, for $100 a side, 20 birds 

 each, 30yds. rise, 5 traps, 2 barrels. Reinhardt, wen by the follow- 

 ing score: 



S Castle 03110220021122221012-15 



C, Reinhardt 10121221221111001 121-17 



Following this shoot Frank Class, of Pine Brook, and C. Rein- 

 hardt shot a 10-bird race for $100 a side. Class won, making a 

 clean score as follows: 



F Class 1121311311-10 C Reinhardt 0001111111— 7 



Referee, J. Maker, of New York. 



NEW DORP, Staten Island, Nov. 17.-Emerald Gun Club's 

 match at live pigeons, ground traps. 21, 25 and 30yds. rise, 80yds. 

 bound; club rules: four prizes: 



P Bute (21 ) Ill 1110110— 8 L C Gehering (25) .... 1111111000—7 



M Cherry (21) 111(1101101-7 J Howard (21)..,... .0010011001-4 



Dr Hudson (25) 10101 till 1—8 T P Mackenua (21) . .1101001100-5 



G Remsen (25) 1101 1 10000-5 H Rubino (21) 1001101000-4 



R Regan (21) 0011001111-6 AMcHale (21) 1001010010-4 



J H Toss (25) 1.001011011-6 P J Keenan (31) 0011110110-6 



J Muesel (21). 1110111(101-7 S MeMabon (21) 1011000110-5 



N Maesel (21) 1011010111-7 F Sehrader (25) 1111101010-7 



TCodev (21) 0111011001-6 



Ties on miss and out for -first. Dr. Hudson, 30yds., 1001101; P. 

 Bute, 25vds.. 10011(H), Ties for second, 25yds., M. Cherrv 114, J. 

 Maesel J, 2, N. Macsel Its. L. H. Gehering 2. Ties for third. 21 and 

 25yds., R. Reagan J H. Voss V£, T. CodoyO, P. J. Keenan 1; won 

 by Keenan. Ties for fourth or Osiekie Trophy, at live birds, 

 21yds., S. McMahon i, Thos. P. Maekenna 0; won by McMahon.— 

 Thos. Cooev, Soc'y- 



PHILA DELPHI A, Nov. 15— Weekly shoot of tho Southwark 

 Gun Club, 15 birds: 



First Shoot. 



Laff ertv 1011 1 ( 1011 1 1 1011 -11 S ti 1 well 0101111 11110110—11 



Robertson ....011111110001111—11 Haldt 01J 11001 1111(11 1—11 



Marker. , . 101011001011000— 7 Bouvier 000001110111001— 7 



Weaver 000011110110110- 8 Beyerleln 110110110111111-12 



Second Shoot. 



Chew 0100010101 000(10- 8 Robertson 101101000111011- 9 



Murphy 110110011000100- 7 Beyerlein 011101000111111-10 



Weaver, Jr. . . . 101 101)111110111—11 Haldt 001011111110101-10 



Marker 101U1101111100-H Milby 1101U011 0101101- 9 



Weekly shoots of this club will hereafter take place on Mondays. 



BOSTON. Nov. 10.— There was a large attendance of trap-shoot- 

 ers to-day at Walnut Hill to witness the contest between teams of 

 the Massachusetts Rifle Association and Wellington Gun Club tor 

 the gold badge of the Massachusetts State Glass Ball Association. 

 The trophy was won by the Wellington team. In addition to the 

 team shoot the regular matches were open. Appended are the 

 results: 



Maeomber Badge Maid), 10 singles, 5 pairs— Smith, 8, 7— total 15; 

 Wilde, 9, 6- 15: Wilson, 9, 5-14: Eager, 8, 5-13; Mudd, 8, 2—10, 



Silverware Match, 10 singles, 5 pairs— Snow, 10,6— total 16: Smith. 

 6, 6—12: Law. 10. 6-16: Knowles, 6, 6-12; Mudd, 4, 6-10. 



Visitors' Match -Eager, 6, 1— total 10; Wilson, 5, 6—11; Crown, 4, 

 6— 10; Wilde, 5, 3-8. 



Team Match— Wellington Gun Club Team. 



Gerry ' 10111 1 1111111 1111 1 10-18 



Swift , lllliOioinO it.: 0)011-15 



Wilde 110 101001 1 1 01 1 101 1 1—14 



Law 1010100011100111 1101—13 



Pond 10101100011100111011—12—71 



M. R. A. Team. 



Snow 11110111111110111111—18 



Knowles 11110100111100111111—15 



Eager 111011 



Mudd 11110000010001110111—11 



Smith 101011000U0101 10011—11—67 



GENESEO, 111., Nov. 15.— The shooting tournament here brought 

 out a large number of sportsmen. 



The first shoot was at 6 birds, 25yds., one barrel. N. Doxey, of 

 Geneseo, won first money. A. Berg, of Davenport, Iowa, and I. 

 Laughlin, of Rock Island, divided second. O. A. Howard, of 

 Davenport, and WiUiam Stohl, of Cleveland, divided third. A. 

 Booth, of Springfield, fourth. 



No. 2— Seven birds, 30yds., both barrels. A. Berg, of Davenport, 

 Iowa; H. Stohl, of Geneseo; Otto Mitchael, of Atkinson, and A. 

 Booth, of Springfield, divided first money. T. Laughlin, of Rock 

 Island; E. Jaques, of Geneseo; W. Stohl, of Cleveland; N. Doxey. 

 of Geneseo, and Geo. Shadow, of Davenport, divided second. S. A. 

 Tucker, of Meriden. Conn., and O. A. Howard, of Davenport, Iowa, 

 divided third. J. Stohl, of Cleveland, and A. Sands, of Geneseo, 

 divided fourth. 



No. 3— Ten blue rocks, 18yds. George Shadow, of Davenport, 

 Iowa, and H. Stohl, of G eneseo, divided first money. M. Honeeker, 

 of Morristown; E. Jaques, of Geneseo, and A. Sands, of Geneseo, 

 divided second. A, Berg and A. Howard, of Davenport, Iowa, 

 divided third. T. O. Davis, of Davenport, Iowa, fourth. 



NEWARK. Nov. 17— The $500 silver cup of the Essex Gun 

 Association was won for the ninth time by the South Side Gun 

 Club, on the grounds of the Woodside Gun Club. The shoots are 

 held monthly, and the cup is to become the property of the club 

 winning the often est during the year. The Mountain Side Gun 

 Club and Woodside Gun Club have each won one shoot. The 

 National rules governed the shoot, 20 clav-pigeons being shot at 

 by each man- The score of the South Side Club was 58 broke, 41 

 missed; Woodside Gun Club, 54 broke, 46 missed. Four sweep- 

 stakes at 5 birds each were also shot. In the first. C. Von Lengerke 

 and Hill divided first money, Riker second. Firth third and 

 Geoffrv fourth. Iu the second ties were made bv Firth, Hill, 

 Hunt and Von Lengerke, Third, ties divided by Riker, Geoffrey 

 and Von Lengerke for first money. Hunt second. In the fourth 

 Hunt and White divided on clean scores, 



MONTREAL, Nov. 17,-Tbe most successful shooting meeting 

 ever held in the province took place to-day, under the auspices of 

 the Montreal Gun Club, on tho occasion of their annual Thanks- 

 giving shoot. The threatening appearance of tho weather in the 

 morning caused a smaller attendance than there would otherwise 

 have been, but still there were representatives present from 

 nearly all tho clubB, and tho shooting was throughout closely con- 

 tested. The officers of the club were on hand early in the morn- 

 ing and had the traps working like clockwork, so that there were 

 no delays whatever and hut very few trap-broken birds. The first 

 event was tho final match for a handsome silver cup presented by 

 Aid. A. W. Morris, president of the (dub, to be shot for at 20 birds, 

 each on Good Friday. Queen's Birthday, Dominion Day and 

 Thanksgiving Day. There were 9 entries, and it was won by 0, H- 

 Wal lace, with a score of 14 for the day, and a total of 54 in the four 

 matches out of a possible 80. .1. Allen took second place with 14, 

 and John Fly was third. The next event was an open match, 

 18yds. rise, 20 Peoria blackbirds, for which the following 18 shots 

 entered: M. Fielding, M. B. Leach, R. Lucas. Dr. Barnes, A. 

 Onion, A. Cox, L. P. Trotter, C. W. McCan, G. W. Wcst eott, A. C. 

 Johnson, H. Fly, A. Penniston, W. Emo, A. H. C. Walpole, C. H. 

 Wallace, .1. Allen. J. B. Bedard, A. Ramsay. II. Lajeunesse. The 

 shooting was very close, A. C. Johnson and C. H. Johnson tieing 

 for first place with 17 birds, and the former winning in the shoot- 

 off. J. B. Bedard took third prize with 13, and W. E. Emo and A. 

 Penniston and L. P. Trotter Lied tor fourth place. The shoot-off 

 resulted in the order above named. There was anot her match 

 shot afterward, in which 10 entered. It was won by W. McCan, 

 who broke. 8 birds, W. Emo being second with 5 birds, anil A. Pen- 

 niston third. 



TORONTO, Nov. 17.— Three sweepstake shooting contests took 

 place to-day at Charles Ayres's place, Eastern avenue. Tho 

 results were as follows: At 12 Canada blackbirds, 18yds. rise, 3 

 screened traps. Aine 7, Sandys 7, W. Bugg 6, Unwin 6, J. Town- 

 son 5, McDowall 5, MeClure 4, H. George 3, Kemp 3, Wilkinson 3. 

 At 12 Cauada blackbirds, 18yds. rise, 3 screened traps: Hine 9, 

 Sandys 8, Kemp 7, McDowall 8, Wilkinson 6, H. George 5, Unwin 

 5, Riggs 5, Stewart 4, Bugg 4. At 6 Canada blackbirds, 18yds. rise, 

 3 screened trap*: H. George 5, Bugg 5, Hine 5, Sandys 5, McDowall 

 4. Wilkinson 3, Kemp 3, Riggs 3. 



PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 12,— An exhibition of shooting skill was 

 witnessed last evening at the skating rink, Twenty-third and 

 Christian streets, in the final contest iu the five days' match be- 

 tween Brewer, the champion wing-shot of America, and Graham, 

 the champion wing-shot of England. Fifty glass balls were 

 thrown successively in the air, Brewer firing off his first round of 

 shots, and winning universal admiration by breaking everv ball. 

 Graham then took his stand and did havoc among the balls, 

 breaking 45 and missing 5. In the second round the contestants 

 each broke 49, and each missed 1. Brewer then shot at 100 clay- 

 birds, breaking 97 and missing 3. Graham did not enter the hstB 

 this time, and Brewer remained clearly the winner. Tho foRow- 

 ing is the summary of the match: 



Brewer. Graham. 



Broke. Miss'd Broke. Miss'd 



471 29 Monday 464 36 



494 6 Tuesday 481 19 



Monday ... 



Tuesday 



Wednesday 494 



Friday 243 



Saturday 99 



Wednesday 467 



Friday 239 



Saturday 94 



33 

 11 



1800 50 1745 105 



Brewer was declared the winner of tho championship of the 

 world and tho S2,000. 



PHILADELPHIA, Nov. 18. -There were three fine shoots at live 

 birds at Point Breeze Park, which resulted as follows. $50 match, 

 at 3 birds each, 8 men a side: 



Swartz 111—3 Griffin Ill— 3 



Breeding 000—0 Helembold 101—2 



Golf 011-2-5 Pawling 011-2-7 



f50 match at 5 birds. 3 men a side: 



Graham 11111—5 Pawling. U011— 4 



Breeding 00000—0 Klei nz 1111 1—5 



Goff 11000-2-7 Swartz 11001—3—12 



Graham, at 26yds. rise, killed 5 hirds straight, only using one 

 hand to the gun. 



NEW BRUNSWICK, Nov. 12.— Garret Roach, sou of the late 

 Johu Roach, and Mr. Van Waggoner, of New Brunswick, shot a 

 match at 20 birds each here to-day for $500 a side. Roach won, 

 killing 18 to Van Waggener's 14. 



TORONTO, Nov. 16.— The shooting match at the Humber to-day 

 between Mr. Joseph Lucas, of this city, and Mr. Hine, of Winni- 

 peg, at 25 Peoria blackbirds each for $100 a side, 18yds. rise, was 

 won by Mr. Hine by a score of 19 to 12. Mr. Dan Blea was referee 

 and Mr. John Thomson scorer. 



Jachting. 



THE SEAWANHAKA C. Y. C. LECTURES. 



THE first of the series of lectures to yachtsmen, given by the 

 Seawanhaka Corinthian Y. C. at its club house, was delivered 

 on Nov. 19, the subject being "The History, Theory and Methods 

 of Chart-making, and Practical Use of Charts.'" The library and 

 meeting room of the club were well filled with members of the 

 Seawanhaka and other clubs, and the lecturer, Lieut.-Commander 

 Leonard Chenery, U. S. N., was heard with every evidence of 

 interest. Beside a large globe and various explanatory diagrams, 

 the lecture was illustrated by charts furnished by the Navy Depart- 

 ment and U. S. Coast Survey to Lieut.-Commander Chenery, and 

 donated by him to the club. After being introduced by Com. Can- 

 field, the lecturer spoke as follows, prefacing his remarks by a 

 short apology for the work, owing to it being called for a month 

 sooner than was intended, in consequence of a change of pro- 

 gramme: 



As each man stands in the center of his horizon and the portion 

 of the earth's surface which lies within the range of bis vision 

 has the appearance of a disk, the whole world was in ancient 

 times considered a disk surrounded by the sea. It was, conse- 

 quently, not unusual for a people to imagine— as was the case with 

 tbe Chinese, the Chaldeans, the Arabs, the Jews, and even the 

 ancient Peruvians — that it occupied the middle of the world. The 

 wider a people's range of vision, the wider was the disk of the 

 world represented. A circular surface is thus the simplest form 

 for a map of the world, and it is met with in antiquity and the 

 Middle Ages. The extent of the circle of vision depends among 

 uncivilized people on their modes of life. Wandering tribes have 

 seen more of the world than settled tribes; hunters, fishers and 

 seamen have made the widest excursions, consequently among 

 them we find the beginnings of ma p making. Esquimeaux, Indians 

 and Polynesians, for example, show in this matter quickness of 

 apprehension, while among the settled tribes of negroes in Africa 

 there are no maps. 



A map drawn by an Esquimeau woman enabled Sir Edward 

 Parry to discover Fury and Ilecla Strait: McClintock, during his 

 endeavor to clear up the fate of the Franklin expedition, re- 

 peatedly got the Esquimeaux to draw coast maps of the Arctic 

 lands. 



It is among the Egyptians that we find the earliest recorded ex- 

 amples of cartographic representation. The Egyptians of the 

 colony of Colchis, dating from the time of Ramesos EL, had pre- 

 served as heirlooms certain wooden tablets on which were in- 

 dicated land and sea, roads and highways. Sesostris and other 

 kings caused route maps to be prepared, as we know by the actual 

 discovery of such maps and plans on papyrus rolls; maps that are 

 a thousand years older than that of Auaximander, considered by 

 the Greeks as the father of cartography. 



The ancient Babylonians have the high distinction of having 

 divided space and time in a way that allowed scientific measure- 

 ments to be made. They originated the division of the ecliptic 

 into twelve signs, and later into 360deg., and the division of the 

 circle into 360deg., the degree into GOm., the minute into 60s., and 

 the corresponding division of the hour. This was the outcome of 

 their sexagesimal system, and while we may deplore, in the in- 

 terest of rapidity and ease of mathematical computation, that 

 they were not conversant with the decimal system instead, its 

 great merit has been proved by the infallible test of time. This 

 method of division was introduced among the Greeks by Hip- 

 parchus (150 B. C.) and obtained general currency through the 

 geographer Ptolemy (150 A. D.) and provided the elements neces- 

 sary for the astronomical determination of geographical posi- 

 tions. 



The time cannot be spared to-night to follow closely the history 

 of the growth of chart making, nor would it prove of much in- 

 terest as a lecture. I will therefore briefly touch upon the im- 

 portant steps and episodes in the matter. " Anaximander (about 

 560 B. C.) sketched the first maps known among the Greeks. 

 About 300 years latOr Democritus ventured to draw a map based 

 upon his own observations in extensive wanderings, and in opposi- 

 tion to the circular form believed in up to that date, gave the 

 world an oblong shape, and taught that it was once and a half as 



long from E. to W. as from N. to S, We still use the terms longi- 

 tudo and latitude, which originated in those days to express 

 length and breadth. 



About the time of Aristotle the tabular or flat surface theory of 

 the earth gave way to the spherical or globe theory, although 

 later, in the Middle. Ages, this doctrine of sphericity was placed 

 under the ban of the church and people went hack to the Homeric, 

 idea of a disk surrounded by ocean. Pytheus, about 328 B. C. made 

 the first application of astronomy to geography, and made an ob- 

 servation for latitude near the. present city of Marseilles. The 

 Romans contributed nothing to the developemont of the scientific 

 method of map making. As a military country they made route 

 maps from which they could learn the roads, stations and dis- 

 tances, sketches which, apart from their distortion, may be com- 

 pared with our railroad maps issued for advertising purposes. 



In the Middle. Ages map-making declined and cartography fell 

 back into its second childhood. The nautical maps which made 

 their appearance in Italy in the Thirteenth century, show the first 

 improvement in cartography after a long period of stagnation. 

 These maps were constructed with the use of a compass and are 

 called compass-maps, because covered with figures of compasses 

 from which radiate numerous straight lines in all directions all 

 over the sheet. That the magnet turns toward the north is first 

 mentioned in 1187, and Flavio Gioja was perhaps tho first to con- 

 struct a mariner's compass and teach seamen its use. The Italians 

 divided the compass into eight parts of 45dcg. each, assigning 

 four quarters of ll^deg. each to each division, and it is from these 

 quarters we obtain our 32 points of the compass to-day; still further 

 refining matters by dividing each of those quarters into eighths. 



In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Portugeese. Greek and 

 French cartographers appear as competitors of the Italians. 

 About the middle of the sixteenth century appeared the maps of 

 Gerhard Kramer, commonly known as Mereator. His place as a 

 reformer in cartography is an honorable one, and his system of 

 projection is more generally used to-day, three centuries after his 

 death, than any other. 



In the earlier part of the seventeenth century a series of im- 

 portant discoveries and inventions in mathematics, physics and 

 astronomy provided the means of making much more accurate 

 observations and calculat ions, and accordingly a substantial im- 

 provement in chart making followed; the, invention of tbo teles- 

 cope (1603), Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons (1610), Cassini's 

 calculation of their periods of rotation, so important in the de- 

 termination of longitude. (1060), the first application of trigonom- 

 etry to land surveying (1615), Picard's measurement of a degree 

 and the French measurement of another (1609-1718), the mirror 

 sextant of Hadley (1731), the improvement in lunar tables (1753), 

 and Johu Harrison's great improvement of the chronometer (1761). 

 In this way, set in a period of transition; up to this t ime the whole 

 art of chart-making had been treated as a matter of private spec- 

 ulation. France was the pioneer in 1750 in carrying out the carto- 

 graphic survey of the country at tho cost of the Stale, for a double 

 object, one military, to provide the army with satisfactory maps, 

 and the other administrative, to furnish a basis for taxing land. 

 Other countries soon followed suit in making government surveys, 

 and prolonged effort has produced rich results. 



Passing now to the theory of chart-making, the object of a chart 

 is to present to the eye. the bearings of objects on the surface to 

 each other and their relative distances apart, as nearly correct as 

 may be. But this can be done with accuracy only upon a globe, 

 the surface of which is similar to that of the earth itself, Various 

 plans have, been devised by which in the more convenient form of 

 plane sheets true delineations of the surface are presented, refer- 

 ence being had to the principle upon which these charts or maps 

 are constructed. 



The construction of a map or chart virtually resolves itself into 

 the drawing of two sets of lines, one set to represent the meridians 

 of longitude and the other the parallels of latitude. These being 

 done the outlines of countries and the peculiarities of configura- 

 tion are filled iu. The lines representing meridians and parallels 

 on the sphere are constructed either on the principles of true per- 

 spective or by artificial systems of development. 1 1; is impossible 

 in any one system or plan to QU all the requirements of the case; 

 we fullfil some by the very sacrifice of others; we represent exact 

 similarity to all very small portions of the original at the expense 

 of misrepresented areas; or we retain equality of areas by giving up 

 the. idea of similarity; and in the end we adopt a compromise possi- 

 bly in one plan or the other to best suit the necessities of the case. 



By the method called projection the rules of perspective are ap- 

 plied to tho delineation of objects upon the surface according to 

 several principal modes. I shall not mention or describe all the 

 modes of projection, but only the more important ones of practi- 

 cal utility, which may be divided as follows: 

 Orthographic projection, 1 



Stereographic projection, | Natural projections— perspec- 

 Gnomonic, Gnomic or Central } tive delineations on the primitive 



projection, plane. Known to the ancients. 



Globular projection, J 



Mercator's projection, / Artificial projections, not a perspective 

 Conic projection, -representation but a development from a 



Polyconic projection, ) cylinder or cone. Of modern design. 



In orthographic projection the eye is supposed to be at an infinite 

 distance from the sphere, so that the rays of light coming from 

 every point of the hemisphere opposite to it may be considered as 

 parallel to one another. The sphere is intersected through its center 

 by a plane perpendicular to these rays, and it is upon this plane 

 that the objects are projected. Objects near the center of the 

 plane are by this method delineated in nearly correct proportions: 

 but in receding from this, as the rays strike more obliquely upon 

 the surface of the sphere, their proportions become more distorted, 

 and the parallels of latitude or meridians of longitude (according 

 as the eye is opposite the pole or equator) are drawn more and 

 more closely together. 



In stereographic projection the eye is supposed to be placed at 

 the surface of the sphere, and the surface to be delineated is the 

 opposite hemisphere, or some portions of it of which the inner or 

 concave side of it ii presented to the eye. The plane upon which 

 the objects are projected is supposed to be transparent and placed so 

 as to pass through the center of the earth, its surface perpendicu- 

 lar to the line passing from the eye to the center. In this method 

 the meridian and parallels intersect each other, as they do upon 

 the globe, and though there is distortion increasing from the center , 

 yet it is less than by some of the other methods. The stereographic 

 projection is much used for the maps of the world drawn in two 

 hemispheres, and the meridian of 20° W. from Greenwich is usu- 

 ally taken as the plane of the projection since that brings the two 

 great continental divisions of the earth into their respective hem- 

 ispheres. 



Since the orthographic distorts by contraction at the outer parts 

 and stereographic by distention, it would seem that there should 

 he some happy medium, some point from which the objects would 

 be seen as less distorted. Hence, the globular projection was de- 

 vised, the eye supposed to bo at a distance from the sphere equal 

 to the sine of 45deg., or, the diameter being 100, the distance is 

 35.3. In order that the meridians may intersect the equator at 

 equal distances, the distance for the eye is generally placed at 

 29.7, the diameter being 100. 



Maps are also made in which the meridians are represented by 

 arcs of circles cutting the equatorial diameter at equal distances 

 and the parallels ot latitude by arcs of circles cutting the polar 

 diameter at equal distances; these maps are not projections and 

 are founded upon no geometrical principle which can be of service 

 in their use, still they give very good ideas of forms and areas 

 and are simple in construction. 



In the gnomonic, or gnomic, or central projection the eye is 

 supposed to be at the center of the earth and the objects upon the 

 earth are projected upon a plane tangent to its surface at 'the 

 principal point. Obviously this method can be applied to maps of 

 limited extent only, and as a matter of fact until recently have 

 only been used for maps of the polar circle, where parallels of 

 latitude are concentric circles and meridians are straight lines. 

 At present, though, many of the maps of ordinary atlasses are 

 drawn upon this projection. 



Since the plane of every great circle passes through the eye it 

 is evident that every great circle will be represented on the prim- 

 itive plan« of projection by a straight line, and reciprocally every 

 straight line on the plane of projection is an arc of a great circle. 

 This renders charts on this projection very valuable for great 

 circle sailing, as I shall soon explain. The U. S. Government 

 through the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department is 

 now preparing gnomonic charts of the North and South Atlantic 

 and North and South Pacific oceans— four in number. I think 

 that of the North Atlantic is the only one completed. 



I spoke a little while ago of two styles of projection— the natural, 

 where the objects were perspective delineations on the primitive 

 plane, and the artificial, where a development is made from a cyl- 

 inder or cone. Of this class are the Mercator's and the Conic (and 

 \ r ariations of tho latter), really the important methods in use to- 

 day. In this country all charts under the Navy Department are 

 made, upon the Mercator's. and all under the Coast Survey upon 

 the Polyconic projection. 



In Mercator's system of projection a cylinder is supposed to en- 

 velop the earth, but only to touch it (generally) around the equa- 

 tor. The points on the earth's surface being projected on the 

 inner surface of the cylinder by lines drawn through I hem from 

 the earth's center, the cylinder is then supposed to be unrolled or 

 developed, and thus to present the various objects upon a plane 



