March 34, 1887.] 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



188 



late autumn and spring, and while it lasts fish do not run 



The result, therefore, of an examination of the four types 

 of weather, with cfttr present "knowledge, loads to the con- 

 clusion that fish run belter during weather of a southerly 

 dud westerly type than they do when it is of a nort herly or 

 easterly. Applying this result to the times of year when 

 these types Usually recur, we find that the inference is that 

 February, when the easterly ty pe is common, March, when 

 the northerly type is most prevalent, May, October and 

 November, when the northerly type also partially prevails, 

 should not be good times for the migration of fish, To some 

 extent this deduction is borne out by experience. February, 

 March and May are sometimes very good, but more often 

 very bad months for fish to run. Occasionally there are 

 large runs of fish, but far more often no fish are moving. 

 February is, however, a better month for tish to run than 

 March. T cannot, with present knowledge, go further and 

 say that if during these months a northerly type of weather 

 prevails, they will be bad fishing months, while, if another 

 type of weather prevails, they will be good. But some day- 

 it may be possible to do this. 



SALMON FISHERIES IN CHALEUR BAY. 

 r PHK B&y of Chaieur is bounded by the counties of Gaspe 

 L and Bona.vent.tiro on its north or Quebec shore, and by 

 the counties of Gloucester and Kestigottche on its south or 

 New Brunswick shore, it is some 200 miles from its entrance, 

 to head of tidal water where it forms theKostigotiehe Fiver. 

 (<aspe has three salmon rivers of some size and two small 

 ones, Bonaventure has the Grand Casoapedia. now well 

 known, and two smaller si reams; Gloucester has the Bath- 

 tlrst or "Neplsignit." and Restigouche, one of the same 

 uame having two branches, and the small Jaequet, those 

 rivers are the nurseries for the salmOn now caught on its 

 coasts, and which afford sport to the angler. 



Fifty years ago the salmon taken in those rivers and at 

 their mouths, were salted, barreled, sold to traders or Sent 

 to Halifax, one-half the quantity caught were ta.Ven with 

 the spear, the Indian having free liberty to go where he 

 choose, few if any restrictions were imposed on netters. and 

 the writer has often seen nets near tide head extending from 

 shore to shore, and the channels, where at all practicable, 

 were barred, Netting was confined to the estuary of the 

 Restigouche, very few nets were set below Dalhousje, and 

 not over thirty-live uetting salmon stations were in the 

 counties of Restigouche and Bonaventure. The inhabitants 

 living on the rivers used the drift net, few took more than 

 necessary for winter use, as the low price. $0 to sS8 per barrel, 

 was not sutficient temptation. Such was the state of matters 

 in 1837, as the writer, then a boy, took the winter's h'sh, and 

 often heard men who had been on the rivers twenty years 

 before, declare the salmon was gone, and they would brag 

 of fights with the Indians over their seines and where they 

 had hauled ashore 1,000 salmon at once: this was seventy- 

 five or eighty years ago. At the time 1 speak of the catch 

 fluctuated very much. Some .years very few, others again 

 better, and it was a general saying among the fishermen, 

 "two bad years and one good." Some netters would get 

 from twenty to thirty barrels, others as low as five barrels, 

 and the best years from 1837 to 1857 would not yield over five 

 hundred barrels. 



Such was the general state of the fishery between those 

 periods, fishery gradual ly decrettsin.tr. and some of the net- 

 tors abandoning their stations when canning commenced at 

 Athol House, near tide head, and using all the fish caught 

 by the Indians as well as battling them from the netters a 

 distance of 'JO miles, the quantity never reached '200.0001ns., 

 oftener as low as 50.000, and I remember in 1804 Mr. Hoegg 

 got nearly the whole produce, only amounting to 37,0001 lis. 

 The sale of salmon, fresh, was now anextraiuduceme.it to 

 the Indian, and for ten years he paid every attention to it, 

 and they swept the rivers away up to their head waters. 

 Somewhat better regulations regarding netting were observ- 

 able, and. of course, any person having a frontage could set 

 if he chose; as yet it was not a paying business, although 

 fen cents per pound was often paid. About this time it lie- 

 came known that salmon would rise, to the fly in the river. 

 In 1839 the Department of Fisheries took charge and the 

 Fisheries Act came in force: a few anglers visited the rivers 

 with some success. They were principally the officers of tin 

 78th Regiment, and they were of much assistance in prevent- 

 ing poaching. The head waters had better protection from 

 St. .John River spearers. the Indians were curtailed toliniits, 

 and shortly after totally prohibited, and salmon gave signs 

 of increasing. In 1871 the rivers wereleased, and the protec- 

 tion given by the lessees was of great benefit, and in order to 

 prevent the undue increase of netting in the estuary and 

 coast sure to follow the increase of the salmon, the license 

 system was adopted, and to show how necessary this regula- 

 tion was, I have had to report on the applications of forty 

 uew T stations asded for in one season. In 1878 pisciculture 

 was started, but no fjgr of any consequence was deposited 

 until 1875. In 1876 the opening of the I. C. R. gave another 

 impetus to the fresh fish trade, and although not a very good 

 year, one firm shipped in six days 80,0001bs. to New York. 

 Freezers now began to be constructed, only two being in ex- 

 istence previous. Now there are thirteen, capable of holding 

 750,000lbs. 



From 1870 to 1882 the yearly catches varied much, alter- 

 nately from poor to good. Often the netters had a poor sea- 

 son while the river had a fair stock. This was owing to 

 water remaining high late in spring, preventing nets from 

 being set, sometimes a June freshet sweeping them away 

 just while the. fish were running up. As a rule here the 

 heavy run of fish does not last longer than three weeks, and 

 1 have known the whole run pass in ten days. Since 1883 

 there has been a steady increase both in river and net catch, 

 and I trust it will continue. "Let me give my reasons for 

 this hope that is in me." It is known and admitted that 

 very much of the natural laid salmon ova is yearly destroyed 

 by the heavy ice jams and freshets tearing and washing away 

 the beds in' which the egg is lying just at the most critical 

 stage of its existence, some seasons being much worse than 

 •others. To remedy this and assist nature, the artificially 

 raised fry is planted, and as it requires from six to seven 

 years for a salmon to come to the adult stage and return, I 

 seriously ask those who are still unfriendly to pisciculture 

 •whether the last three years steady increase of salmon in the 

 Restigouche is uot attributable in a great measure to the as- 

 sistance it has received from its hatchery. Four years ago it 

 was seriously impressed upon the Minister of Fisheries that 

 unless he abolished the hatchery there would be total ex- 

 tinction. What are the facts? In 1885 and 1886 fully 2,000 

 salmon have been taken in it with the rod, ladies running a 

 score of from 30 to 50, gentlemen from 50 to 120 salmon, and 

 last year a 231b. average. True, Mr. Hallock writes Fokjsst 

 and Stream, they have degenerated as to size and lost their 

 fierceness and pluck owing to their artificial raising. Were 

 you here, Charlie? If not you have been sold, for they break 

 as many easting lines as ever. There have been very few 

 new netting stations granted in estuary or coast lately, all 

 suitable locations being filled, many of those now fishing do 

 so at a loss, still the netter keeps on hoping for an increase 

 next year. Since 1869 nets have increased in the counties of 

 Bonaventure and Gloucester from 35 or 40 stations up to 150, 

 and there must be now 250 netters in the whole bay. The 

 figures for the commercial catch in the whole bay sum up 

 .*165,000. 



In order to show the value placed by the netters in the 

 estuary on their holdings, I was directed to ascertain the 

 amount of money required by twenty-three of them, to give 

 up and relinquish their claims, not for any purpose of re- 



selling or profit, but simply by doing a way with those nets 

 to give a free pass to the salmon to enter the river. I found 

 to do this would cost the modest sum of #130,000, an average 

 of S5.650 to each netter. This is no assertion but hard facts, 

 and surely goes fur to show the estimation in which the net- 

 ters hold the present, and prospective increase of our salmon 

 fisheries Let us now look at our rivers. On the 30th March 

 in st„ the New Brunswick government otters to lease the rod 

 fishing on the Main Restigouche river for five years at an 

 upset price of 83,900 per annum. The same river was let in 

 1871 for nine years to Messrs. Fleming and Brydges at a 

 yearly rental ' of #40, Does this show any improvement? 

 Private properties with from 3 i' to %& miles frontage, and 

 only on one side of the river at that, valued at from $15,000 

 to 825,000. Places I know which did not cost a few years ago 

 over 8400 or S500 have been sold for 85,000 and 88,000. Yearly 

 rentals of from 850 to 8150 are now given for a season's fish- 

 ing on a single front of 50 rods wide. There are now three 

 clubs on the river containing (30 members, whose expenditure 

 last year amounted to 827,000. There are at least 20 guardi- 

 ans employed for the season at a cost of 840 per month. You 

 mil find the Indian in the little town of Campbell ton, after a 

 month's trip, sporting round with his white collar and 8150 

 or more in his pocket. Not a chicken, lamb, pat of butter or 

 quart of cream can be raised by the settler but what will sell 

 as dear as in New York. These are facts, and are some of 

 the results of increase of our salmon fisheries. I care not to 

 what, the increase maybe, imputed, it is there. I have also 

 authority to refer to James Reid of Charlo, Andrew Wal- 

 lace and Simon McGregor of Dalhousie; Alexander Chamber- 

 lain of Campbelltoti, who declare that, there has been a very 

 visible and steady increase in the fisheries during the last 

 few years. I have also the written authority of M. Archi- 

 bald. Government officer, and Alexander Robertson, super- 

 intendent of rivers for the R. S. G, to say that no living 

 man of this generation ever saw anything approaching the 

 numbers of salmon seen in the main Restigouche River last 

 two years. 



In conclusion, I hope this state of matters will long con- 

 tinue, and that both netters and anglers will keep alive this 

 precious bird that is laying such a golden egg, and which 

 has put many a dollar in the pocket of the poor man, who 

 otherwise would never have seen it. John MowATT. 



CAMPBKLnroN, N. B., Feb. 10. 



-Wf/w (01 comnnihiattiom to the Forest and Stream I'uh. r„. 



form, a worthless little fish called "hog choker" in the Hud- 

 son, A chirns linea-t.ux, is often found in fresh water as far up 

 as Albany. Several shipments of the English sole have been 

 received in this country by Prof. Baird and Mr. Blackford, 

 and many are now kept at, Woods IIoll, Mass. A few were 

 stored at Cold Spring Harbor a year or two ago, but the 

 salt water pipes froze in the old buildings and they were 

 lost. Had it been known that the fish would live in fresh 

 water they would have been saved. 



iht Mmnel 



Ailtlrew oil eommwi-ieolwrn to the Forest and Xircom Fnh. Co 



FIXTURES. 



THE NEW YORK COM MISSION. 



r piIK following shows the season's work at the two prin- 

 _L cipal hatcheries: 



CALEDONIA. 



Eggs of different species have been sent as follows: Lake 

 trout: lOn.OUO to Morehousville hatchery. Hamilton county: 

 100,000 to Raggeil Lake hatchery, Franklin comity: 450,000 to 

 Fulton Chain hatcherv; 400.000 to Lake Brandon hatchery, 

 Essex county. Total. 1,050,000 eggs. 



Brook Trout-20,000to Morhottsville hatcherv: 80,000 Ragged 

 Lake hatchery; 60,000 Fulton Chain hatcherv; 5,000 P. A. M . 

 Van YVvck. New Hamburg, Dutchess county; 90.000 Cold 

 Spring Harbor hatchery, Suffolk county. Total. .225.000 

 eggs. 



Brown Trout— 65,000 Ragged Lake hatcherv: 50,000 Fulton 

 Chain hatchery: 10,000 Lake Brandon hatchery: 5.000 P. A. 

 Mi Van Wyck; 2,000 Wisconsin hatchery, Madison, Wis.; 

 10.000 Bisby Club, Oneida count v. Total ."142.000 eggs. 



! w I r.:ut -10 on ( \ i bpi mg Haiboi trucfirv 30 • 



000 E, G. Blackford. Fulton Market. Total, 30.000 eggs. 



The fry of different species that ha ve been distributed to 

 the waters are as follows: 



Brook Trout— 5*0,000 in Caneadea Creek and tributaries. 

 Allegany county; 20,000 in Onandaga Creek, Onandaga 

 county: 10.000 in White Creek. Livingston count y; 18,000 ill 

 Long Pond. Lewis county; 2.000 in Spring Creek. Oneida 

 county; 12,000 in Manlius, High Bridge and Todd's Brook, 

 Onandaga county; 25.000 in Loon Lake. Franklin county; 

 20)000 in Sawmill. Peekskill and Cauopis Brooks, West- 

 chester county; 25,000 in Amber Lake. Jordan Lake and 

 Otter Pond, St. Lawrence county: 12.000 in East Coy Streams, 

 Wyoming county; 15.000 in Pine Creek, Allegany countv; 

 80,000 in West Canada Crook and tributaries; 12,000 in Read 

 Brook, Oneida county; 12,000 in Beaver Meadow and Broker 

 Brooks, Oneida county; 4,000 in Dry Brook and Snider 

 Brook, Monroe county; 1 5,000 in Wooclhull Lake, Herkimer 

 county: 30,000 in South and North branches of Alder Greek, 

 Dory, Hitter and Shott Brooks, Oneida county; 80,000 in 

 Crum's Creek, tributaries to Sprite Creeks. * Herkimer 

 county; 30,000 in tributaries to East Canada creek. Herkimer 

 county; 20,000 in Pool's Brook, Onandaga countv: 20,000 in 

 Onondaga Creek and tributaries; 15,000 in West Branch 

 Unadllla Ri ver. Oneida county: 25,000 in Crooked, Cold and 

 Dayton Brooks. Chatauqua county. Total, 402,000 fry. 



Lake Trout— 260, 000 in Lake Ontario; 50,000 Rye Lake, 

 Westchester county; 25,000, Ravin Lake, Lewis county; 75,000 

 Hemlock Lake, Livingston county; 50,000 Loon Lake," Frank- 

 lin county; 150,000 Lake George, Warren county; 100,000 

 Owasoa Lake, Cavuga county; 25,000 Pine Lake, Oneida 

 county; 36,000 Woodhull Lake, Herkimer county; 85,000 

 Silver Lake, St. Lawrence county: 85,000 Big Lake, St. Law- 

 rence countv; 85,000 Clear Lake, St. Lawrence county. 

 Total. 1,036.000 fry. 



Hybrids— Brook and lake trout, 1,702 fish from 3 to 6 years 

 old, in Oatka Creek, Monroe county. 



Cali fond a Mountain Trout— 770 "fish, 8 to 6 years old, in 

 Long Pond, Livingston countv. 



Whi fetish— 722,000 in Lake Ontario; 65,000 in Rye Lake, 

 Westchester county: 50,000 in Hemlock Lake, Livingston 

 countv; 60.000 in Owasco Lake, Cayuga county; 103,000 to 

 Lake Brandon hat chery. Total 1,000,000. 



COLD SPRING HARBOR. 



The distribution of fresh-water fishes has not begun yet. 

 4,200,000 tomcods have been hatched and turned into the 

 harbor. The following are now in the hatching troughs: 



Salmon— 300,000 for the Hudson and salmon rivers of New 

 York and 5O,O00 for the Housatonic. 



Landlocked Salmon— 65,000 for the Hudson and other 

 waters. 



Whitefish— 1,000,000 for lakes in Dutchess and Suffolk coun- 

 ties. 



Smelts — About 2,000,000 now in the hatchers and more 

 expected. 



Brook Trout— 90,000 received fain Caledonia, 30,000 taken 

 at hatchery and 50,000 for private parties who bought them 

 from Messrs. Annin and Gilbert. Total 170,000. 



Lochleven Trout— 20,000 received from Sir James Gibson 

 Maitland, Bart., Howietown Fishery, Stirling, Scotland. 



Brown Trout— 20,000 taken on grounds and 8,000 from Herr 

 von dem Borne, Berneuchen, Germany. 

 Saibling— 20,000 eggs from the Deutschen Fischerei Verein. 

 Rainbow Trout— 10,000 from the Caledonia hatchery. 

 Frostfish— 150,000 from the Lake Brandon hatchery. 



SOLES IN FRESH WATER.— It may interest our fish- 

 culturists to know that the sole is said to live in fresh water 

 ' in England and grows to great size there, at least a writer 

 in the London Field makes this statement. The American 



DOG SHOWS. 



March 39 to April L 1887.— Inaugural Dog Show of Rhode 

 island Kennel Club, Providence, R. I. N. Seabury, Secretary, 

 Box 1333. Providence. Entries close March 15. 



April 5 to S, 1H87. — Third Annual Dog Show of New England 

 Kennel Club, Boston. F. L. Weston, Secretary, Hotel Boylston, 

 Boston, Mass. Entries close March 19. 



April 12 to 15, 1887.— Thirteenth Annual Dor Show of tho Western 

 Pennsylvania Poultry Society, at Pittsburgh, Pa. C. B. Elben, 

 Secretary. 



April 19 to 33.— Fourth Annual Dog Show of the Philadelphia 

 Kennel Club. E. Comfort, President. 



April 26 to 2'.).— Second Annual Dog Show of the Hartford Kennel 

 Club. A. C. Collins, Secretary, Hartford, Conn. 



May 3to6, 1887.— Eleventh Annual Dog Show of the Westminster 

 Kennel Club, Madison Square Garden, New York. James Morti- 

 mer, Superintendent. Entries close April 18. 



May 24 to 27.— Inaugural Dog Show of the Michigan Kennel 

 Club, at Detroit, Mich. Chas. Weil, Secretary, Newberry and Mc- 

 Millan Building, Detroit, Mich. Entries close May 10. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Nov. 7— Third Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association. R. C. "Van Horn. Secretary. Kansas City, Mo. 



Nov, 21— Ninth Annual Field Trials of the Eastern Field Trials 

 Club, at High Point, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary. Flatbush, 

 Kings County, N. Y. 



December.— First Annual Field Trials of the American Field 

 Trials Club, at Florence, Ala. C. W. Paris, Secretary, Cincinnati, 

 O. 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 

 r pHE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration 

 of pedigrees, etc. (with prize liBts of all shows and trials), is 

 published every month. Entries close on the 1st. Should be in 

 early. Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed 

 envelope. Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany each entry. 

 No entries inserted unless paid in advance. Yearly subscription 

 $1.50. Address "American Kennel Register," P. O. Box 2832, New 

 york. Number of entries already printed 4827. 



THE BLISS OF IGNORANCE. 



FOR any one who earns his bread honestly we must all feel 

 a respect. Whether a man is president of a bank, or 

 carries on a farm, or drives a horse car. or mends umbrellas — 

 if he does his work honestly and well he is as good in this 

 Republic as any of his fellows. But few men are expert in 

 more than one direction. Thus we do not look for an exact 

 knowledge of bricklaying from the bank president, nor an 

 intimate "acquaintance with the principles of shipbuilding 

 from the farmer. We should hardly take an intricate prob- 

 lem in calculus to the driver of the horse car, nor, if we were 

 sick, go to the umbrella mender for medical advice. A man 

 may be a capital hand to replace a broken window pane, and 

 yet' know rather Jess than nothing about canine pathology 

 and therapeutics. There is a wise old Latin proverb which 

 says: No mi tor ultra crcpldam. Literally translated this 

 means, "Lot the cobbler stick to his last." It was freely 

 rendered recently by one of our esteemed correspondents, 

 "Stick to putty, old boy," a bit of advice which might have 

 been followed with profit. But it w r as not, and so we are 

 treated to a display of singular asininity. 



u r con t ern porary who lives dow 1 1 -stai rs i s cm el. 1 1 is con- 

 stantly devising traps for the embarrassment of another sheet 

 which is hopelessly ill-informed, and though in setting these 

 traps it usually writes itself down an ass, still this is nothing 

 compared with the satisfaction which it derives from seeing 

 the astonishing foolishness with which its victim permits 

 himself to lie deceived. So our neighbor prepares its bait 

 and casts it forth, and in each succeeding issue, of its putty- 

 manipulating contemporary it appears painfully evident 

 that the gudgeon has risen, taken the hook and is flopping 

 woefully. The temerity of fools is proverbial, and the win- 

 dow mender never hesitates, at the bidding of his astute but 

 cynical contemporary, to put himself on record on all sorts of 

 subjects about which he knows nothing at all. 



VVe had occasion recently to prescribe, for a dog troubled 

 with twitching following distemper, "a pill of the citrate 

 of iron and strychnine, 2grs. each, three times daily." 

 This our neighbor down-stairs pretended to believe meant 

 Ogrs. of strychnine daily, and it said so. Upon this the cry 

 of " Glass put in" was pretermitted for a while, and the 

 victim of turfy wiles screamed with laughter at our sup- 

 posed blunder: 



" Give the dog a pill of the citrate of iron and strychnine, 

 2grs. each, three times daily r ." 



Let us see what the worthy druggist will give the owner 

 of the dog. The druggist, too, may be behind the age in his 

 business; he maynot know that the only officinal preparation 

 of strychnine and iron is the citrate of iron and strychnine. 

 But the druggist won't go off half cocked. Pie must have, 

 to ply his calling with success, a certain knowledge of the 

 drugs he puts in a prescription. He may have to turn to his 

 Pharmacopoeia ; for the druggist, unlike the newspaper 

 scribbler, must know what he does and says. The good 

 druggist will find in his book as follows: When strychnine 

 is called for it is written -st rych n I na x alpha t., or the sulphate 

 of strychnine; that the alkaloid is not used except in com- 

 bination; that the salt, or sulphate, is. If the druggist is a 

 driveling idiot he might be forced to look for the dose of 

 strychnin, sulph., when he would find that 2grs. of the salt 

 would kill something over ten able-bodied men. His further 

 investigations would lead him to assert that 2grs. of the 

 citrate of iron given alone would not be more than a quarter 

 of a dose. But light would dawn on the druggist in his 

 effort to decipher what the prescription of " a pill of the 

 citrate of iron and strychnine, 2grs. each," was designed to 

 call for, when he turned to page 160 of the Pharmacopoeia 

 of the United States, sixth decennial revision, 1880, where 

 stands recorded the following: 

 Ferri et Strychnines citras (citrate o£iron>nd strychnine) 



Citrate of iron and ammonium parts 98 



Strychnine parts 1 



Citric acid parts 1 



100 



The druggist might not have a mathematical head, but his 

 small boy would at once tell him that a two-grain pill of 

 this excellent mixture would contain two one-hundredths, 

 or one-fiftieth, of a grain of strychnine. 



The Forest and Stream successfully prescribes for sev- 

 eral hundred sick dogs in the course of a year; its prescrip- 

 tions are intelligent and reliable, being given by a regular 

 physician; and as we happen to know from the numerous 

 letters received, the value of this department of our kennel 

 work is appreciated at its true worth; and it is not likely to 

 be depreciated by the loud laugh that speaks the vacant mind 



