April 7, 1887. J 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



233 



entirely omitted, and some only just touched upon, in order 

 to economize space. * * * * 



(1) Sal mo.— Maxillary long; dentitiou strong and com- 

 plete. Scales small. Anal rays in moderate numbers (14 or 

 less). Pyloric appendages numerous. 



(2) ThyrfictMvs, — Maimlary short; small teeth in the jaws, 

 vomer, and on the palatine bones. Anterior dorsal fin, many 

 rayed. Scales of moderate size. Pyloric appendage numer- 

 ous. 



(3) Coregonus. — Maxillary short; teeth, if present, minute. 

 Anterior dorsal fin with few rays. Scales of moderate size. 

 Pyloric appendages numerous. 



(4) Os m ecus.— Maxillary long; dentition complete, with 

 fang-like teeth on the vomer and tongue. Scales of medium 

 size. Pyloric appendages few. 



(5) ArgeftUnd.— Maxillary short; teeth absent from jaws. 

 Anterior dorsal fin with few rays. Scales rather large. 

 Pyloric appendages few or in moderate numbers. 



(1) Genus Salmi).— The. indigenous species belonging to 

 this genus has been divided into (1) Salmoitcn, or true sal- 

 mons, wherein the body and the head of the vomer are 

 toothed at some period of their lives, as in salmon and trout, 

 and (3) the SeilveUni, or chars wherein the vomerine teeth are 

 restricted to the head of that bone. 



Prior to enumerating the individuals forming this genus, 

 a few remarks are necessary respecting the external and in- 

 ternal character, and likewise some of the physiological 

 functions of these fishes. For on what I believe to be very 

 insufficient grounds, several of our local races have been re- 

 garded as species, and when it has been pointed out that 

 among the trout marine forms may be observed passing 

 gradually into those of the fresh water, the answer (instead 

 of explanation ) which has been advanced has been that these 

 progressive differences are not modifications induced by an 

 altered condition of life, but must be the result of hybridi- 

 zation; a conclusion I am unable to adopt. 



The number of vertebra} present in the spinal column of 

 these fishes is not invariably identical in every individual 

 belonging to the same species, and this inconstancy of num- 

 ber may be consequent upon accident or caused by disease. 

 Sometimes one large bone fills up the space which is nor- 

 mally occupied by two, or the bodies of several may coalesce 

 into "one. Or even two or three small vertebra? may exist 

 where only one is generally present. The unstable' differ- 

 ences, therefore, in the number of these bones can scarcely 

 be accepted as sufficient grounds on which to constitute 

 species. 



Although the form of the preopercle has also been con- 

 sidered to afford a good criterion by which to assist in 

 recognizing species, such will not always be found so in 

 practice, as it varies with age, irrespective of the develop- 

 ment of its lower limb being more pronounced in some speci- 

 mens than it is in all, or on one side of the head than it is 

 on the other. The same general reasons militate against 

 selecting the conformation of the opercle or subopercle as 

 specific characters; still, the. form of the hind edge of these 

 bones often (not always) assists in discriminating between 

 salmon and trout. In the salmon the posterior conjoined 

 edges of these two bones have a rounded outline continued 

 to the upper edge of the gill cover; the longest diameter 

 drawn in a line from the most projecting portion of these 

 bones to the snout passes through the eye, whereas, in a 

 trout, it will pass below it. 



As to the form of the. caudal, or tail fin, which has been 

 said never to be rounded at its posterior extremity in some 

 forms of trout, this conclusion has been drawn from in- 

 sufficient investigation, as it is always rounded in old 

 examnles, although such occurs more rapidly in some 

 localities than it does in others. Fin rays, if removed, can 

 be reproduced, provided they are uot extracted, quite to their 

 bases, while scales lost by injuries can be replaced. Colors 

 are varied; marine forms, or salmon in the highest perfec- 

 tion, are silvery, with or without black spots or stars; 

 brought up in fresh waters, -without going to the sea, these 

 spots increase, while in all forms in the young stage, finger 

 marks or par-hands are seen on the sides, usually more 

 numerous in the anadromous than in the more strictly non- 

 migratory fresh water forms. But these finger marks are 

 not restricted to the young of theSalmouida?. being likewise 

 seen in some of the horse mackerels (Caraux), flying fishes 

 (Exofwtus), garfishes (Below), etc. 



The teeth in all these forms of salmon and trout (not char)* 

 at an early age are present in a double row along the body 

 of the vomer; there is likewise a single row across the hind 

 edge of the head of that bone. But as the fish becomes 

 older, first the tooth-bearing ridge narrows, so that the teeth 

 have to adapt themselves to a single row, and lastly fall out, 

 commencing from behind in all, while in every form they 

 are deciduous. The teeth in the jaws of fresh-water trout 

 are ! comparatively stronger than such as are xiresent in 

 rnariue forms. Those on the tongue are in two rows, frorn 

 five to six on either side of that organ. They are the largest 

 in the mouth, and curved backward to prevent the escape of 

 prey after it has once been seized; they also are deciduous. 



***•»+* 

 The hybridization of these fishes has been largely carried 

 on by Sir James Maitland at Howietown, giving rise to most 

 interesting results. Salmon have been crossed with trout, 

 and American char with trout or with British char, while 

 the offspring have been more or less fertile. Also, should 

 an anadromous species be crossed by a non-migratory form, 

 the young do not lose their tendency to migrate seaward 

 when the breeding season is approaching. So f ar as Howie- 

 town experiments have gone, hybrids, if crossed with one of 

 the pure species, do not take on the colors of the original 

 parents. - * * * * 



The following British forms have, for the reasons given, 

 been described by different authors as distinct species, and 

 which, for convenience sake, are here located in four classes, 

 all of which run into one another: 



A. Anadromous sea trout, colors in all, silvery with black 

 spots. 



a. Trutta salmemata, the scurf or bull-trout, Willoughby; 

 S. trutta (Linn.), Turton; salmon trout, Richardson, it has 

 also erroneously been termed S. ertox, Gmel. Linn. A 

 northern form, but not absent from the south. It has been 

 said to possess' from 49 to 63 ca?cal appendages. 



b. Whitling, whiting, herling, phinoc, sprod, white 

 salmon, of Pennant, or S. btbuSt S. phinoc 'of Turton, said 

 to be the grilse stage of S. trutta by most ichthyologists; 

 S. brachyjKiiuii, Gunther. A northern form, with a short 

 head aud short preopercular lower limb; caecal appendages, 

 40 to 61. 



C. Sewin, blue poll, truff, pwd, whitertsh, gray salmon, or 

 S. f/)'?'.sc«8, Willoughby; S. cmnbrlcm, Donovan; >S. cWo.r 

 (Gmel. Linn), Turton: a nearly southern race, although not 

 absent from the north. Lower limb of preoperculum gen- 

 erally well developed. Ca?ccal appendages, 39 to 41. 



B. Loch trout, possibly a landlocked anadromous form: 

 colors, silvery during the smolt age, subsequently t golden 

 and .spotted. 



3. Lochleven trout, S. levenensis. Walker: or & ccecifer, 

 Parnell. Normally of a silver color with dark fins between 

 its fourth" and. fifth seasons', subsequently nearly resembling 

 brook" trout, into which form' it may degenerate.' A some- 

 what delicately shaped but -rapidly growing race, v with 

 rather weak maxilla?. (The statements that the hiaxillary 

 bone "never reaches to behind the eye, that there is no knob 

 at the end of the lower jaw in adult males, and that the tail 

 fin is never rounded; are merely errors of description, and 



* It must be remembered that the Salmo fontinalin is a char, and 

 that the brown trout and rainbow trout are of the "true" trouts.— 

 Eo. F, and S. 



not in accordance with what exists in nature.) Ca^cal ap- 

 pendages, 49 to 90. 



C. Estuary trout; colors more or less golden and generally 

 densely spotted. 



d, Orkney salmon, of Lowe; ,S, orceidcns-in, Giiuther. Ca> 

 cal appendages, 50. 



f. Salmo estuarius, Knox; or S. eiallivcnsis, Gunther. 

 CoBcal appendages, 44, 



D. Lake, river and brook trout: colors more purplish 

 golden than in estuary forms: red spots well marked and 

 black spots intense. 



n. Brook trout, Salmo fa/Ho, Linn.; Trutta jlueiatilis, 

 Willoughby; S. amoaii and &, {laimardi. Guv. and Val. 

 Dorsal, ventral and anal fins, with a black, white-edged 

 front surface, more developed in southern races, but often 

 very distinct in northern ones. C.'eeal appendages, 33 to 47. 



h. Great lake trout, Salmo fcrux, Jardine and Selby. 

 Large and dark examples. S. nUjripinnis, Gunther. Cre- 

 cal appendages, 33 to 49, 



1. Cornwall trout. Salmo rornuhierish, Artedi. 



./. The gillaroo of various authors. Salmo stomacJtifus, 

 Gunther. Middle coat of stomach thickened. Ca?cal appen- 

 dages. 44. 



In all the foregoing forms the length of the head is com- 

 paratively larger inmates than in females, and in coarse 

 more so than in well bred varieties. Without detai ling all 

 the various reasons which have been given why these races 

 have, been considered species, it will perhaps be more satis- 

 factory to trace out the main causes that have led to such 

 subdivisions, premising that the varying number of the- 

 vertebra?, the difference in the form of the preopercle, the 

 form of the caudal fin, the vomerine teeth and the iuconsta at 

 number of pyloric eaaca have already been alluded to. 



If we commence with dolors, we find that the adult 

 salmon and sea trout, when in their best condition, have a 

 a beautiful silver sheen, which is more or less rapidly lost 

 when absent from the sea. This may in fact be taken as the 

 normal color of the Salmone* when in their highest condi- 

 tion. Should salmon be reared in fresh water aud the 

 smolts debarred from going to sea, the upper two-thirds of 

 the body and the dorsal "fin become densely covered with 

 black spots, while sometimes a white edging shows itself to 

 the front margin of the dorsal and anal fins. Thus a fresh- 

 water residence increases the amount of color and the silvery 

 sheen is less highly developed. Sea trout, at the breeding- 

 time, have orange 'on the itpper and lower edges of the tail 

 tin and the margin of the adipose, dorsal, similar to what is 

 usually present in non-migratory fresh-water forms, while a 

 purplish edging shows itself to many of the black spots 

 on the body. 



The next form I will advert to is the Lochleven trout, 

 wherein there is normally a smolt stage in which the fish, 

 subsequent to its parr condition, and for the first three or 

 four seasons of its life, is somewhat silvery, but without any 

 orange edging to the adipose dorsal tin, "usually present in 

 all young trout, and all the spots are black. If the eggs, 

 however, are sent to other and distant localities, as Guild- 

 ford, or even to Gloucestershire, the young do not assume 

 the colors seen in Lochleven, but more or less take on that 

 of the indigenous brook trout of the locality where they are 

 hatched. But this is not a deteriorating race, because when, 

 owing to certain circumstances which it is unnecessary to 

 detail, one of these fishes in Gloucestershire obtained a large 

 amount of food, consequent on the removal of others from 

 the pond, it grew more rapidly than its former fellows, aud 

 even had the Lochleven colors denied to the rest. Also, 

 deteriorated examples assume the brook trout livery, appar- 

 ently owing to want of sufficient food. Lastly, a Lochleven 

 trout having been crossed at Howietown by a salmon parr, 

 the offspring possessed the orange-tipped adipose dorsal fin 

 which is seen in the young of the sea and brook trout ; and 

 may be asked from whence had such been obtained, unless 

 the Lochleven possessed the blood of one of these races? In 

 colors, then, we have a distinct chain connecting the sea 

 trout with the Lochleven, and so on into the brook forms. 

 Next, as to the dentition; in Lochleveus, similarly to the 

 marine, races, we find it usual for the vomerine teeth in 

 matured specimens to be more or less in a single, row, but 

 having examined a number of these fish at Howietown I find 

 that in some cases a portion of a double row still exists, 

 similar to undoubted bum trout which I took in Loch A me 

 and elsewhere. Every variation in the position of these 

 teeth is to be seen in examples of different ages up to old 

 trout, wherein only one or two or even less remain on the 

 head of the vomer. 



As to the Salmo ferox, very fine examples up to about 

 SOlbs. in weight have been received from Australasia, raised 

 from the eggs of the brook trout, taken in Hampshire and 

 Buckinghamshire, so it cannot be a distinct species. 



Why the gillaroo should be deemed a species, and speci- 

 mens of other forms of trout not so — in which the coats of 

 the stomach are similarly indurated — one fails to compre- 

 hend. Auyhow, if these forms are removed to other locali- 

 ties where the conditions are altered, possibly because they 

 have not so many water snails or other shells to live upon, 

 they lose this induration of the stomach. 



Probably as complete a series as can be wished for of trout 

 passing from the sewin or sea and estuary form to the brook 

 trout, are those in the British Museum, where they are be- 

 lieved to show hybridity between these two forms in an un- 

 broken series. At the present time eggs of the sea trout are 

 incubating at Howietown, and ere long it will be conclus- 

 ively proved if this fish is not a very plastic form, taking 

 on different colors, and varying as to its dentition aud pro- 

 portions, consequent on whether it leads a marine or fresh 

 water life. In some lakes, as Loch Crasspuil, in Suther- 

 landshire, we find a silvery race of trout, and silvery forms 

 which are generally sterile, most likely merely for the 

 season, are frequently obtained in large pieces of fresh 

 water. 



In the British Isles the breeding time of the trout is sub- 

 ject to variation, but mainly occurs from October to Febru- 

 ary. The eggs and modes of their deposition are very 

 similar to those of the salmon. 



Irrespective of the local races, misnamed species, above 

 alluded to, there are many other varieties of color among 

 these fishes, for which the reader must be referred to treat- 

 ises on the subject. Two forms of trout introduced from 

 the continent of America,, aud which are now being acclima- 

 tized in Great Britain, remain to be recorded. - 



SUB-GENUS 8ALVEI.INI, OR CHARS. 

 These species are subgenerically separated from the Sot- 

 monex, or restricted sub-genus of Salmo, owing to their 

 vomerine teeth being confined to the head of that bone, and 

 which teeth are persistent through life. The British species, 

 Solum alpiitu*. whoso varieties have been separated into 

 species, freely interbreeds with the American char, S. funti- 

 nalis, and a beautiful fertile race of these fishes exists at 



* Sfctfmo irhleus, Gibbons, the rainbow trout, and having many 

 synonym-, was introduced by Sir James Maitland at Howietown, 

 April 30, 18S5, and there the fish is thriving. They have likewise 

 been obtained by the Fisbculture Association. It is a very pretty 

 species, with an iridescent carmine baud along the sides, and is 

 found throughout California, certainly as far south as Sau Luis 

 Rey River. Professor Brown-Goode has seen a few from salt 

 water weighing from olbs. to 51bs. each, and Gibs, is stated to be 

 the weight to w hich it attains. "For a trout it is a fish of little 

 'ganieness' or activity, but has been rather extensively introduced 

 into the waters of the eastern United States." The formula of 

 its fins' rays much resembles our trout, but its scales are smaller, 

 there being about 140 rows along the lateral line. I must likewise 

 allude to the black spotted trout, Salmo purpurattis, also with an 

 extensive synonymy, as some were reared from the eggs brought 

 over by Mr. Wllmot to the Fisheries Exhibition of 1S83, and some 

 of them were introduend into the Thames in ISSfi, They have 

 been erroneously recorded as "landlocked salmon." 



Howietown. Char require cool water, and prefer that where 

 the depth is considerable. They suffer very much from 

 chauges of temperature. 



The char, Salmo alpht »*. Linn. B. X— XL; D. 12— 14; P, 

 12-14; V, 9—10; A, 11—13; C, 19—21- L 1, 125—145; Vert., 59— 

 63; Ca?c. pyl., 28 — 02. The form and proportions of the body 

 and fins of this fish vary as much as in the trout (in accord- 

 ance with local surroundings and sexual differences), the 

 size of the teeth, the colors of the body, also the number of 

 ca?cal appendages and of those of the vertebra?, have all been 

 considered as reasons for assuming specific differences — 

 reasons, however, that are rejected by the majority of ich- 

 thyologists of the preseut day as well as by fishcuiturists. 

 These so-called species will now be given as has been done 

 with the races of -trout. But there is no need of subdividing 

 them into classes, as was necessary with the varieties or 

 breeds of 3. trutta, but it is very necessary to remember 

 Widegrem's observation t hat char may be divided into two 

 races; large forms being found in large lakes, and smaller 

 ones in pieces of water of less size. 



a. Gilt, or gelt char, UmhUi minor (Gesner), Willoughby, 

 S, milvel in nx (Linn.), Yarrell; Alpine char. Couch. 



h. Torgoch, Willoughby, Soli it u *oiixliii it* (Linn.) Dono- 

 van, S. umhla, .Jenyns; S. cambric no and S. pcrisii, Gunther, 

 from Wales. Vert. 61; nee. pyl. 30. 



i: Ghar of Windermere, Willoughby; case char, Pennant; 

 Salmo alpiiuc< (Lion..) Donovan; S. umhla, Jenyns; S. 

 u-illt'iinhhii, Giiufher, Vert. 59-62; oa>c. pyl. 28-44. 



••/. Solum klWnenxin. Gunther, from Invemesshire. Vert. 

 52; QSeC, pyl. 44-52. 



0, Solum ijrnnil, Giiuther. from Lough Melviu; Vert. 60; 

 cifc. pyl. 



/'. Salmo eolii. Giiuther, from Lough Eske and Lough 

 Dan. Vert, 63: ea?c. pylori, 43. 



In all the abdomen, more especially in the males, becomes 

 of an orange color during the breeding season, which occurs 

 at about the same time as the trout; the eggs of the two 

 Species are very similar, but those of the char are much the 

 smaller. 



American char (Salmo put ti noli*) Mitchell. B, X,— XI; 

 D, 12—13; P. 12—13: V, S— 9; A, 10—11; C, 19; L.l, 122—140; 

 cue. pyl., 34; Vert.. 59 — 62. This fish, which has 1 been intro- 

 duced from the United States and flourishes iu some waters, 

 has not succeeded in others. Its home is distributed "between 

 latitudes dog. and 55deg. in the lakes and streams of 

 the Atlantic-watershed, near the sources of a few rivers 

 flowing into the Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico and in 

 Some of the affluents of Hudson's Bay. Its range is limited 

 by the western foothills of the Alleghauies and nowhere 

 extends more than 300 miles from the coast, except about 

 the Great Lakes, in the northern tributaries of which trout 

 abound. At the south they inhabit the headwaters of the 

 Chattahoochee, in the southern spur of the Georgia Alle- 

 ghauies and the tributaries of the'Catawba in North Caro- 

 lina, They also occur iu the great islands of the Gulf of 

 St. Lawrence" (Brown Goode). These lish are observed in 

 some localities to migrate to the sea. One of 0}£lbs. in 

 weight was captured hi a pond in Cornwall in April, 1S86. 

 It had been placed there nine years previously.* 



♦The American lake trout of North America, Saimo itiimaycusli. 

 Pennant, is another form of char which is being introduced by 

 mea.is of its eggs from America. Dr. Gunther still terms it a 

 trout, locating it under the restricted sub-genus, Stfimones, al- 

 though it has been abundantly proved to be a char, and so similar 

 to S. foittinaiis, except in size, that Brown-Goode observed, "its 

 nearest relative is the brook trout of the Eastern States, S. fnnti- 

 uol ;md from which he subsequently suggests it may have been 

 developed. 



THE GRAMPUS AND HER WORK.— The United States 

 Fish Commission schooner Grampus has completed her win- 

 ter's work of collecting cod eggs for the hatchery at Wood's 

 Holl, and has sailed on a cruise of scientific research and ob- 

 servation iu the water's between Cape Hatteras and ('ape 

 Cod. The chief object of this cruise is to study the migra- 

 tions and habits of the mackerel. Careful and extensive 

 notes on the temperature, winds, weather aud presence of 

 mackerel food will be made, in order that data may be ob- 

 tained whereby we cau know how the movements of mack- 

 erel are. influenced by these conditions. The appearance of 

 mackerel at the surface, the period when they begin to 

 spawn, the rate at which they move northward, and their 

 abundauce. will be studied; while, by using gillnets aud 

 toll-bait, an attempt will be made to define the northern and 

 eastern limits of their migration in the early part of the sea- 

 son. The appearance off the coast and the migrations of 

 menhaden, bluefish and other plagic species will be noted 

 also, as opportunity offers; and it is hoped that the knowl- 

 edge gained may be valuable in settling the many vexed 

 questions concerning these species which have never yet 

 reached a satisfactory conclusion. The Grampus will be un- 

 der the command of Dr. D. Edwin Collins, brother of Capt. 

 J. W. Collins, of the Fish Commission, who is at Washing- 

 ton this spring. 



SHA D FOR MAINE.— In response to a request of Fish 

 Commissioner Stilwell, Prof. Baird will send 1,000,000 shad 

 fry to the Kennebec River, and also promises some large carp 

 for the founta! .1 at the Capitol next summer. Application 

 has also bepn made for 1,000,000 shad fry for the Penobscot 

 River at Bangor. 



lie ^mml 



Aiitlm® all contmunicatlom to the Forest and stream Pub. Co 



FIXTURES. 



DOG SHOWS. 



April 5 to 8, 1887.— Third Annual Dog Show of New England 

 Kennel Club, Boston. F. L. Weston, Secretary, Hotel Boylston, 

 Boston, Mass. Entries close March 19. 



April 12 to 15, 1887.— Thirteenth Annual Dog Show of the Western 

 Pennsylvania Poultry Society, at Pittsburgh, Pa. C. B. Elben, 

 Secretary. 



April 19 to 22.— Fourth An nual Dog Show of the Philadelphia 

 Kennel Club. E. Comfort, President. 



April 26 to 29.— Second Annual Dog Show of the Hartford Kennel 

 Club. A. C. CoDins, Secretary, Hartford, Conn. 



May 3 to 6, 1887.— Eleventh Annual Dog Show of the Westminster 

 Kennel Club. Madison Square Garden, New York. James Morti- 

 mer, Superintendent. Entries close April 18. 



May 24 to 27.— Inaugural Dog Show of the Michigan Kennel 

 Club,' at Detroit, Mich. Chits. Weil, Secretary. Newberry and Me - 

 Millan Building, Detroit, Mich. Entries close May 111. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Nov. 7— Third Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association. R. C. Van Horn, Secretary, Kansas Citv. Mo. 



Nov. 21.— Ninth Annual Field Trials of the Eastern Field Trials 

 Club, at High Poiut, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, 

 Kings County, N. Y. 



December.— First Annual Field Trials of the American Field 

 Trials Club, at Florence, Ala. C.'W. Paris. Secretary, Cincinnati, 

 O. - " - ' 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 



THE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, "for the registration 

 of pedigrees, etc. (with prize 'lists of all shows and trials), is 

 published every month, Entries close on the 1st. Should be in 

 early. Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed 

 envelope, Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany each entry. 

 No entries inserted unless paid in advance. Yearly subscription 

 $1.50. Address "American Kennel Register," P. O. Box 2833, New 

 York. Number of entries already printed 483f ° 



