254 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



[April 14, 1887. 



formed by the female, which lies on her side and fans up 

 the gravel by moving the tail portion of her body rapidly 

 from side to'side, until she gradually sinks into a kind of 

 tmusii. ffae male remaining near and ready to give battle to 

 any intruder. The female now deposits her eggs in the 

 trough she has made: these are fertilized by the male, and 

 subsequently covered with gravel to some feet in depth, the 

 whole forming a redd. 



Should there he plenty of water to let the fish into rivers 

 in time, salmon are many days constructing their nests, 

 doing a little every night, but if prevented ascending until 

 quite ripe they are much more rapid in their operations. 

 When the salmon has formed her nest and deposited her 

 first installment of eggs, she falls hack into one of the deep 

 pools below, until she has acquired sufficient strength to 

 again shed more eggs. The absence of frost is favorable to 

 the egas in the redds, while, although floods may sweep away 

 redds," moderate ones protect them from poachers. Mild 

 seasons and late spates seem best adapted for preveutmg 

 mortality among the breeders. 



The period salmon eggs take hatching is subject to con- 

 siderable variation; thus it has been found that at 45degs. 

 Fahr. thev require 90 days, at Hdegs. 97 days, while their 

 normal period of hatching has been deterred to the 148th 

 dav by placing them in ice vaults; but freezing them is 

 probably fatal. Mr. Bartlett observed how some of these 

 eggs were hatched in 30 days, the temperature of the water 

 standing at 57degs. 



At about the end of two months the alevins will probably 

 be l .^in. long, at four months SV^in., and at six months 

 3?^in.; but there are great individual variations in size 

 among them. The yolk or umbilical sac in young salmon is 

 generally of a much more orange color than is seen in the 

 alevins of fresh water trout. 



Many discussions have arisen as to whether the parr is or 

 is not the young of the salmon, or even a hybrid between it 

 and the trout, and though there exists a strong family re- 

 semblance between the young of the salmon and trout, still 

 it has been abundantly broved that the Salmo SOM/f passes 

 through a parr stage. In fact it was long since poiuted out 

 that in rivers destitute of salmon there were no parrs, while 

 wherever they existed there parrs were present. This point 

 has now been most conclusively decided by hatching out 

 eggs and milt taken directly from salmon and artificially 

 rea'ring the progeny, the result being parrs. It has also been 

 shown that similar parrs can be raised from the eggs of 

 smelts fertilized from parrs, or salmon similarly fecundated, 

 from grilse and salmon, from pure grilse, and from pure 

 salmon. 



It has been clearly proved that when half the parr descended 

 as smolts one vear. those which remained for another season 

 consisted of fish of both sexes, consequently females do not 

 migrate, as had been suggested, one year earlier than the 

 males. 



The. parr, on assuming the smolt livery, which it does as a 

 rule when commencing its seaward journey, changes from 

 its brilliant, golden and spotted colors with its brilliant 

 finger marks, that have been described, to assume a bright 

 silvery appearance, both on its opercles and its body. This 

 silvery color is not owing to their acquiring an additional 

 coating of scales, as has been asserted.Juit due to the deposi- 

 tion of a silvery pigment on the under surface of the scales 

 and opercles. which latter could not be so overlaid because 

 they are scaleless. These silvery smolts. at least after they 

 have been some time so, may be turned directly and without 

 injury into sea water, while the scales are not nearly so ad- 

 herent as when the fish had the parr livery, and the fish itself 

 seems more susceptible of injury. Although the great sea- 

 sonal migration is during April, or May and June, this is 

 not. the only period at which they descend seawards, as some 

 do so during the autumn months, as well as probably 

 throughout the year, 



Smolts that have descended rivers have been shown to re- 

 ascend as grilse. although some persons have maintained that 

 they are a distinct species, but at Howietoun, parr raised in 

 fresh water turned to smolts and subsequently to grilse, 

 and from these last eggs have been obtained, and young in 

 the form of salmon parr have since been raised. It has also 

 been advanced that grilse cannot be young salmon, ignoring 

 the fact that only in salmon rivers are there true grilse, and 

 where they exist* there also are salmon. Now, although it 

 has been shown that grilse may be reared from salmou eggs, 

 still it has been pointed out that salmon and grilse of the 

 same size can readily be distinguished one from another. 

 Doubtless there is a difference in the appearance of a small 

 salmon and a grilse of the same size, but such is probably 

 due to the former, from some cause, not having got into 

 condition, and so lost a season. 



As to the growth of the grilse, experiments have been 

 made tending to show that it is very rapid. In May, 1855, 

 1,300 were marked at Stormontfield, by cutting off the 

 adipose or dead fin, and twenty-two are said to have been re- 

 captured as grilse the same summer, the first on July 7, 

 when it weighed 71 bs. The Duke of Roxburgh, on May 14, 

 1855, had a smolt marked by the insertion of a peculiar wire 

 through its gills, it was recaptured July 21, 1856, as a6>^lbs. 

 grilse. Many similar experiments have been recorded, from 

 which it appears that some srnolt return to the ri ver as grilse 

 the sameyearthattheydescend.while other do the succeeding 

 season. As tothegrowth of grilse after they have spawned and 

 are returning seaward as kelts. Mr. Scrope gives a list of ten 

 ( Motored during the months of February and March, all but 

 one being 41 hs. each in weight, but the last being 121bs. 

 During the months of June and July, the succeeding year, 

 they were, recaptured as salmon, the first nine weighing be : 

 tween 71bs. and 121bs. each and the last having increased to 

 181bs. weight. 



The growth of the salmon has been similarly followed out; 

 thus, in 1859, the Duke of Athol had three salmon captured 

 while migrating toward the sea, and marked by a copper 

 wire around their tails; they weighed 10, 11)4 an d 12^"lbs. 

 respectively, and six months subsequently are said to have 

 been retaken while returning to the fresh water, having 

 augmented in size to 17, 18 and 191 bs. respectively. 



Those forms which have completed their spawning are 

 known as kelts or slats, or if males, as kippers. They "drop 

 down stream from pool to pool in a very thin and exhausted 

 condition, the males much more so than the females. How- 

 ever, they generally remain in the river in a debilitated state, 

 feeding upon whatever fish come in their way, not rejecting 

 the young of their own species. At this period, owing to 

 their weak condition, they are very prone to attacks of dis- 

 ease, often dying in vast numbers, while a heavy flood car- 

 ries them off' toward the sea; but as a rule they continue 

 some tithe in the brackish water of the tideway before 

 seeking the ocean. Although, doubtless, a few of these 

 kelts mend in the river, recovering their silvery lustre prior 

 to reaching the sea, and others return at a future period in 

 a healthy state from the salt water, it seems questionable 

 whether too many are not now permitted to mend, possibly 

 to a great extent, upon the salmon fry, thus reducing the 

 amount of stock in the river. In olden times fishermen took 

 all spawned fish as their own perquisites, consequently, in 

 some rivers but few descended to the sea; also poachers, 

 assisted by otters and other vermin, kept the number of 

 kelts in check. At the present time an epidemic of sapro- 

 legnia, which has destroyed multitudes of salmon, does not 

 always decrease the aggregate weight of the succeeding 

 year's fish. The kelt, having suffered severely, has been 

 able to consume so many smolts, consequently the grilse 

 augment in numbers, but very large fish are not so common. 



As to the diseases from which these fish suffer, a species 

 of fungus, Sapralcgnia ferax, has existed in our fresh water 

 from probably immemorial ages, but at last became epi- 



demic about 1878, since which period it has committed 

 great ravages. At first more or less restricted to kelts or 

 weak fish, it has subsequently beeu observed to attack the 

 newly-run ones. Although sea or saline water appears to 

 check, and in some rare cases to cure this disease, it is not 

 improbable that such may only cause it to remain dormant 

 until the fish returns to fresh water. Salmon in the sea are 

 infested with a parasite, Lcpcoptheirux strain U, Baird, 

 which dies in fresh water; while in fresh water they are 

 subject to another form. Lcrnenpuda salmanca, which 

 seems chiefly to attach itself to kelts. The hook in the 

 jaws of old males sometimes ulcerates through the palate 

 to the top of the snout, when, occasioning great irritation, 

 the fish can no longer eat, and dies of starvation. Pollu- 

 tions, occasionally aided by obstructions, have destroyed 

 these fish in some rivers. 



Its range extends in the northern hemisphere, between 

 latitude 45deg. and 75deg., through the seas and countries of 

 northern Europe, in and around the British Isles, and also in 

 rivers flowing into and along the Atlantic coast of France, 

 but it is not found in those which empty themselves into 

 the Mediterranean. The male fish would seem to run to a 

 larger size than the female, and Buckland cast one of the 

 former of 701bs. weight from the Tay. 



OHIO PROTECTION. — Fort VVaye, Ind., April 5— I have 

 this moment received a letter from a member of our club 

 residing at Defiance, O., and as it contains matter of interest 

 to the people of Indiana and Ohio, I quote from it, hoping 

 you will give the matter publicity. He says: "As near as { 

 am able to ascertain the fish ladders at Independence are all 

 right. I have not been able to learn whether fish can pass 

 them or not, but I now thiuk that they will answer the pur- 

 pose very well. I made a trip to Maumee some days ago, 

 and fell in with some of the fishermen there, and without 

 them learning my business, I "got onto" their tricks. They 

 are a little afraid that their right to catch with seine and 

 pound may be denied, but they declare their intention to 

 tight the matter to the end. They claim that the waters at 

 that place are not under the control of the State, and that 

 the Government does not dispute their right to fish as they 

 please. They claimed to have over 400,000ft. of twine in the 

 river at that time, in the shape of seines and pounds, and 

 that they intended to use them till the general Government 

 ordered them to stop. I intend to correspond with the fish 

 warden of that county who lives at Maumee (South Toledo), 

 with a view of ascertaining the exact state of affairs, and if 

 the law is being violated, to report to the fish commissioners 

 of the State." The gentleman from whom I received the 

 letter is one interested in protection and holding an office of 

 great public trust and can do much toward remedying the 

 great evils now existing along the Maumee River, but it is 

 necessary that he have the co-operation of all lovers of legiti- 

 mate sport, and as I know you to be on the side of right 

 always, I place these matters before you knowing greater 

 publicitv will be given this way than in any other.— John P. 

 HANCE. 



THE NEW YORK COMMISSION.— At the hatchery at 

 Clayton. N. Y., superintended by Mr. M. B. Hill, the follow- 

 ing plantings have been made: Lake trout. 500,000, planted 

 in Lake Ontario and Mill Site Lake: 512,000 whitefish and 

 120,000 ciscoes planted in Lake Ontario. Of brook trout 

 there are some 20,000 for streams in the southern part of 

 Jefferson county. At Cold Spring Harbor the distribution 

 of trout will soon begin and besides the brook ami brown 

 trout there are 10,000 Sunapee trout sent by Col. E. B. Hodge, 

 of the New Hampshire Commission, and some German sai ti- 

 ling which have not yet been assigned to any applicants. 



CALIFORNIA COMMISSION. — In a late issue we gave 

 notice that two new members had been appointed and gave 

 the address of one. The Commission has been reorganized 

 and the Governor has appointed two gentlemen to act with 

 Mr. Sherwood, who will act in concert with the U. S. Fish 

 Commission. The board now stands as follows: Thos. J. 

 Sherwood, President, Maysville; J. Downie Harvey, Los 

 Angeles, and Mr. Joseph Routier, Sacramento. 



Revelation and Revolution. —Revelation and Revolution, 

 These words are not the same. It makes quite a difference where 

 the "e" and the "o" come in. Revelation is the discovery of a 

 new truth. Revolution is that change in usage, life or society, 

 which revelation brings about. For instance, twenty years or 

 more ago, Dr. Humphreys began to teach the people that his 

 Veterinary Specifics— giving but ten drops at a dose— would cure 

 the diseases of domestic animals. This was anew truth— a i evolu- 

 tion — but people could not see it at first. They bad to be taught, 

 and the truth shown and demonstrated again and again, Hut 

 slowly they fell in. Seeing was believing, trying was success. 

 When people believed they resolved, and so came the revolution. 

 As the hilltops first catch the rising sun, so intelligent men first 

 saw the truth and acted upon it. Now they no longer drug their 

 stock. The bleeding, blistering, firing, balling, bottling and 

 drenching has gone. In the place of all this the httlo Specifics- 

 ten drops— are used. Colics, Coughs, Heaves, Pneumonia, Pink- 

 Eve, Founder, Lameness and Rheumatism— all are vanquished 

 with the ten drops of Humphrey's Homeopathic Veterinauy 

 Specifics. Hence the grand revolution of modern times in cur- 

 ing diseases of domestic animals is but the result of revelation— 

 or truth revealed.— Ex. 



Address all communications to the Forest and Stream Pub. Co 



F1XTU RES. 



DOG SHOWS. 



April 12 to 15, 1887.— Thirteenth Annual Dog Show of the Western 

 Pennsylvania Poultry Society, at Pittsburgh, Pa. C. B. Elben, 

 Secretary. 



April 19 to 23.— Fourth Annual Dog Show of the Philadelphia 

 Kennel Club. E. Comfort, President. 



April 26 to 39.— Second Annual Dog Show of the Hartford Kennel 

 Club. A. C. Collins, Secretary, Hartford, Conn. 



May 8 to 6. 1887.— Eleventh Annual Dog Show of the Westminster 

 Kennel Club, Madison Square Garden, New York. James Morti- 

 mer, Superintendent. Entries close April 18. 



May 24 to 27.— Inaugural Dog Show of the Michigan Kennel 

 Club,' at Detroit, Mich. Chas. Weil, Secretary, Nr. wherry and Mc- 

 Millan Building. Detroit, Mich. Entries close Mav U). 



Sept.. 12 to 17.— First Show St. Paid and Minnesota Kennel Club, 

 St. Paul, Minn. W. G. AVhitehead, Secretary. 



FIELD TRIALS. 



Nov. 7.— Third Annual Field Trials of the Western Field Trials 

 Association. R. C. Van Horn, Secretary, Kansas City, Mo. 



Nov, 21. -Ninth Annual Field Trials of the Eastern Field Trials 

 Club, at High Point, N. C. W. A. Coster, Secretary, Flatbush, 

 Kings County, N. Y. 



December.— First Annual Field Trials of the American Field 

 Trials Club, at Florence, Ala. C. W. Paris, Secretary, Cincinnati, 

 O. 



A. K. R.-SPECIAL NOTICE. 

 rpHE AMERICAN KENNEL REGISTER, for the registration 

 of pedigrees, etc. (with prize lists of all shows and trials), is 

 published every month. Entries close on the 1st. Should be in 

 early. Entry blanks sent on receipt of stamped and addressed 

 envelope. Registration fee (50 cents) must accompany each entry. 

 No entries inserted unless paid in advance. Yearly subscription 

 $1.50. Address "American Kennel Register," P. O. Box 2833, New 

 Y/ork. Number of entries already printed 4827. 



THE BOSTON DOG SHOW. 



MANY years ago Boston advanced the claim that it was 

 the axis around which the rest of the universe re- 

 volved, and proudly pointed to the broad acres of its dearly 

 loved Common as the very center of the whole world. Its 

 wealthy and jealous rival. New York, determined to fore- 

 ever silence all pretensions of this kind, with lavish ex- 

 penditure of treasure brought into being beautiful Central 

 Park. Boston, dismayed, but not disheartened, put forth 

 her energies and erected Music Hall, and as the swelling 

 notes of triumphal march pealed through its broad aisles 

 and reverberated horn its lofty ceiling, she folded her arms 

 and calmly smiled, New York, met this move by creating 

 Brooklyn Bridge, and beneath the arch of its stupendous 

 towers she wrote boston with a little b. Now Boston has 

 always taken a pardonable pride in her great minds and 

 profound thinkers, and in this, her hour of need, she called 

 upon them for aid. That her confidence in their ability was 

 not misplaced the result has proved, for after mature con- 

 sideration, the invincible John L. was evolved and launched 

 like a catapult at her defenseless rival. This was a knock- 

 down blow from which New York did not appear to have 

 strength enough to recover, but she finally got her wind, 

 tmd coming up smiling, countered with the outstretched 

 arm of the Statue of Liberty. Boston was staggered, but 

 with indomitable pluck she resumed the contest and has 

 now indubitably proved her claim to be the Hub of the 

 Universe a just one by showing us the best display of dogs 

 ever brought together on this continent. 



When we wrote last week that the Boston show was the 

 best one ever held outside of New York we had not had time 

 to make more than a, very superficial examination, as our 

 time was devoted to obtaining the awards from the judges' 

 books and preparing them for the printer. Further inspec- 

 tion showed that we had failed to rate the show at its proper 

 worth and that in comparison all shows previously held in 

 this country must take rank below it. There were 1,039 

 entries, and in nearly every class there was at least one first- 

 class specimen, while some of the classes contained a number 

 of animals that have a world wide reputation as capital 

 representatives of their breed. This was notably the case in 

 the pointer classes; and never before in this country have 

 nearly so many really good specimens of this breed been 

 shown together. The 'quality of some of the other classes 

 has never been surpassed if equaled. The management of 

 the show, taken as a whole, was better than we remember 

 to have seen. The dogs were nicely benched and presented 

 a very attractive appearance. This was done by Spratts 

 Patent and was an improvement upon that at Newark, as 

 the wire partitions were more firm and the benches were 

 better arranged. The same trouble, exists as to the lack in 

 height of the partitions between the medium-sized dogs and 

 also in the lack of firmness of those between the large dogs. 

 The metal points which project from the wires, the agent 

 informs us, will be at once removed. Newark had more 

 noise from the dogs than we remember to have heard at 

 any previous show, and we naturally thought that it was 

 owing to the benching, but this was probably wrong, as the 

 show at Boston was one. of the most quiet we ever attended. 

 The hall in Which the show was held is the best adapted for 

 the purpose of any we ever saw. There is plenty of room, 

 the half being over 250ft. in length, exclusive of the entrance, 

 which is nearly 100ft. more, and over 200ft. in width at the 

 rear and 100ft, at the entrance. The room is very well 

 lighted and has the best of ventilation. There are also a 

 large number of rooms suitable for offices and waiting 

 rooms, and a large restaurant up-stairs. The basement is 

 of the same size as the hall, making an ample storage room 

 for crates, etc. The judging ring in the center of the hall 

 appeared to be cf sufficient size, but some, of the classes were 

 rather crowded and more space was needed. 



Judging began shortly before 11 o'clock on Tuesday, and 

 good progress was made. The. attendants were given the 

 numbers of the dogs wanted, printed in large figures, and 

 few mistakes were made and much time Avas saved. The 

 catalogue was very neatly prepared and contained compara- 

 tively few ei-rors. ' The name of the judge was placed at the 

 head of each breed, together with the list of special prizes, 

 the latter being decided in most cases as soon as the regular 

 awards were made. This is a very good plan, as it often 

 occurs that a judge goes home before deciding the sjpecials, 

 and some one else has to perform the duty. The manage- 

 ment secured the good will of the exhibitors by attending to 

 their wants and making them feel at home by a very cordial 

 reception. Superintendent Read was the recipient of a 

 handsome testimonial in cash from the exhibitors. Prof. 

 Burton delighted large audiences each day with a display of 

 bis band of trained dogs that appeared to be not only well- 

 trained but intelligent and cheerful performers. The at- 

 tendance was very good at all times. On Thursday it was 

 immense, the hall being uncomfortably crowded from early 

 morning until the hour for closing. This, of course, means 

 money, and the club must have placed to its credit several 

 thousand dollars. We heartily congratulate it, and also the 

 exhibitors of next year, as they are sure to reap no incon- 

 siderable benefit therefrom in increased premiums and more 

 valuable specials. The judging, upon the whole, was more 

 satisfactory than is generally seen, and in most of the 

 classes but little fault could 'be found. Many of the dogs 

 are w ell known and have been described by us in our reports 

 of previous shows, and it is not necessary to repeat the 

 description here. 



Following is a list of the judges: Mastiffs, St. Bernards, 

 pugs and miscellaneous, James Mortimer, Babylou, L. I. 

 Pointers, English setters, grevhounds, deerhouuds, fox- 

 hounds and Chesapeake Bay dogs. John Davidson, Monroe, 

 Mich. Irish and Gordon setters. W.. H. Pierce, Peekskill, 

 N. Y. Spaniels. A. Clinton Wilmerding, New York. 

 Collies, Martin Dennis, New York. Great Danes, bulldogs, 

 Newfoundlands,' basset hounds, dachshuude, fox-terriers, 

 Italian greyhounds and poodles. Ronald H. Barlow, Phila- 

 delphia, Pa. Bull-terriers, Thomas J-i. Varick, Manchester, 

 N. H. Beagles, Herman F. Schellhass, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

 Yorkshire, Skye, Scotch, Irish, Bedliugton, Daudie Din- 

 mont. black and tan and wire-haired tu tiers and toy spaniels, 

 Edward Lever, Philadelphia, Pa. Veterinary, Dr. Al Watts, 

 Boston, Mass. Superintendent, John Read. 



MASTIFFS— (MR. MOUTIMEK). 



Dford Caution, looking well, was alone in the champion 

 class. The open dog class was a good one with Minting first 

 and Orion second. Mr. Lort at Ryde, Eng., last August 

 placed Orion first and Minting second. W T hy he did this we 

 cannot understand, as Minting is the better in head and 

 bone and is more massive than Orion. The latter is a big 

 do« with excellent legs and feet. He. is too long in head 

 and stands too high on his legs. We thought Minting an 

 easy winner. Monarch, third, is a very promising puppy 

 not so massive in head as the others and a bit off in muzzle 

 he is good in body and fairly good in other respects. Lord 

 Raglan we failed to find in his stall. Wacouta Nap, look- 

 ing fairly well, we thought deserving the three letters. The 

 bitch class was not well handled. Lady Gladys, first, was 

 shown hog fat and was much too lame for a winner. South- 

 ern Belle, second, was rightly placed. She is a good bitch 

 with lots of bone; she has a fair head, but is too long in 

 muzzle; her legs might be set on better and she was out of 

 coat. Lady Dorothy, placed third, is a splendid youug bitch, 

 worth all the others in the class; she is good in skull and 

 muzzle with the best, ears we ever saw on a mastiff; she is 

 also good in body, legs, feet and tail. If she goes all right 

 we shall expect to see her to the front another year, even in 

 the best of company. Hilda V. .looking well, was just about 

 good enough for third place. Wflcouta Rose, he, also look- 



