IXSECTS AFFECTING PARK AXD WOODLAND TREES 385 



destroyed by birds, and in many cases a greater proportion had perished 

 from this cause. He states that the arctic three-toed and banded three- 

 toed woodpeckers render by far the greater service and probably do their 

 principal feeding during winter on this bark borer. 



Remedial measures. Dr Hopkins advises regulating winter cutting of 

 trees so as to include as many of the infested, dying and dead ones as 

 possible and then placing the logs from the same in water before the first 

 of June. He also advises arranging the summer cutting so that as many 

 recently attacked trees as possible may be cut and the bark removed from 

 their trunks and stumps. He suggests, in badly infested areas where 

 logging operations will or can be conducted the following summer and 

 winter, girdling a large number of trees early in June. These girdled trees 

 are for the purpose of attracting the borers, and if felled later and either 

 peeled or placed in the water before the first of the succeeding June, a 

 large proportion of the insects will be destroyed. His experiments in 

 girdling indicate that the best time for this is when the flowers (catkins) 

 are falling from the birch, and while the flowering or bird cherry and the 

 hobblebush are in bloom. The girdled trees should be sound and healthy 

 and not less than 15 inches in diameter. The best method of girdling 

 seems to be hacking through the bark with an axe into the sapwood and 

 around the trunk two or three feet above the base. 



The dead spruce remains sound for some time and is valuable for pulp 

 wood at least, for a considerable period. It should be cut and utilized as 

 rapidly as possible, and the same is true of mature living timber in sections 

 where the beetle is at all abundant. 



Bibliography 



1876 Peck, C. H. Alb. Ins. Trans. 8:294-301 



1879 X. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 28th Rep't, p. 32-38 



1879 N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. 30th Rep't, p. 23-26 



1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5th Rep't, p. 81 1-22 (Portions relate to this 

 species) 



1901 Hopkins, A. D. U S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Bui. 28, p. 1-4S 



