INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 409 



end. The larva remains in this case with its head toward its extremity, 

 reversing its position before the transformation to the pupa occurs. Just 

 before the disclosure of the moth, the pupa wriggles its way partly out of 

 the burrow till it protrudes a short distance beyond the surface of the 

 pitch mass, a procedure which enables the moth to escape without injury 

 I pi. 20, fig. ij. 



Description. The moth is a delicate, grayish brown mottled insect, 

 having a wing spread of about y+ inch [pi. 20, fig. 21]. 



The pupa is brownish, about y 2 inch in length, and the abdominal 

 segments are each provided with two transverse rows of stout teeth. 

 These are of great assistance to the pupa in wriggling out of its burrow. 



The larva is about x / 2 inch long when full grown, the head and thoracic 

 shield are light brown, and the body a yellowish white. The labrum and 

 tip of the mandibles are dark brown, the moderate tubercles are well 

 chitinized and bear one or two setae. The spiracles or breathing pores are 

 encircled by dark brown rings of chitin, and the anal shield is somewhat 

 chitinized and ornamented with longer setae. This larva may be readily 

 distinguished from the larger dark colored one of the pine tip moth, 

 Pinipestis zimmermani Grote, by its not possessing linear series 

 or dark brown, blackish, chitinized points on the body surface. 



The egg is lemon yellow, elliptic-oval in form when deposited on the 

 glass of the breeding jar, and nearly t/ 9S inch long. 



The gallery or burrow of the caterpillar may be 2 or more inches in 

 length. It is usually confined to the center of the twig, and may extend in 

 one direction from the pitch mass or in both. The opening to the latter 

 is kept clear, though usually there is a slight cover over the tip of the 

 gallery at the surface of the pitch. 



Parasites. It might be thought that a caterpillar having its burrow 

 protected by a pitch mass would be safe from the attacks of parasitic 

 insects. Such however is not the case, and this species is the host of at 

 least two parasites which were bred by Professor Comstock ; one is known 

 as Ephialtes comstockii Cress., and the other is a species of 



