INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 555 



probably of value in protecting the insect from its enemies. The parent 

 insect is a magnificent brownish, yellow and red-marked butterfly with a 

 wing spread of aver 4 inches. 



Life history. This insect, according to Dr Scudder, ranges from the 

 northern part of South America to about the latitude of Albany, and in the 

 warmer portions of its habitat develops about four generations and in the 

 northern only two, the butterflies of the first appearing in early June or 

 even the last week of May, and those of the latter occurring at the end of 

 July. The caterpillar feeds on orange, prickly ash, hoptree and a number 

 of other plants. The life cycle may be completed from within 20 to 60 

 days, dependent largely on conditions. A number of eggs are usually 

 deposited on a single bush or tree and consequently the work of the larvae 

 is easily detected. 



Natural enemies. This species is subject to the attack of several natural 

 enemies, among which may be mentioned a tachina fly, a small chalcid, 

 Chalcis rob ust a Cress, and Pteromalus vanessae Howard. 



Remedial measures. Like most leaf-feeding species, this caterpillar 

 when unduly abundant, can easily be checked by the timely application of 

 arsenical poisons. 



Sour gum case cutter 



Antispila nyssaefoliella Clem. 



A small leaf miner works in sour gum leaves the latter part of August and in early 

 September, cutting oval cases therefrom the latter part of that month. 



This species is occasionally very abundant on Long Island, and in 

 September 1893, it was brought to the attention of the late Dr Lintner by 

 Dr Dyar, who had observed the work of this species. 



Description. The larva has a dark brown head and thoracic shield, the 

 body is a very pale green with dark atoms along the dorsum. Ventral 

 surface with a line of two black spots. The adult has dark brown fore 

 wings with greenish reflections and a bright coppery hue at the base. The 

 hind wings are a purple brown, the fringe yellowish gray. 



Life history. The larvae may be found early in July, making first a 

 linear mine and later excavating a blotch. The cocoon is spun within the 



