568 



SCIENCE. 



means of steam pipes coiled inside the tubs, or by steam 

 jets. Some use pressure converters, which are iron or 

 copper tanks like a boiler, when the conversion is much 

 quicker. The operator makes frequent chemical tests 

 to determine when the starch is entirely converted into 

 sugar, and when this is accomplished the mixture is 

 drawn into another vat where the acid is neutralized 

 with some form of carbonate of lime, as marble dust, 

 chalk or whiting. The liquid is sometimes bleached by 

 the use of sulphurous acid at this stage of manufacture. 

 It is now a very dilute solution of glucose, and besides 

 incidental impurities, contains sulphate of lime formed 

 by the action of the sulphuric acid on the carbonate, and 

 whatever carbonate of lime was used in excess of the 

 sulphuric acid present. These are separated by straining 

 through cloth or bag filters and afterward percolating 

 through columns of bone charcoal, eight or ten feet deep. 

 When decolorized, it is drawn into the " vacuum pan," 

 which is a large, strong tank of iron or copper, with 

 steam pipes coiled inside for heating, and from which the 

 air is partially exhausted by an air pump, and in which 

 the syrup is boiled down at a temperature of ioo° to 

 to 1 45 . When concentrated to a specific gravity of 

 about 1400 it is drawn off and again strained or filtered, 

 and is ready for the market as glucose, this being the 

 commercial term for the syrup only. The term grape 

 sugar is applied to the dry glucose, and this is produced 

 by carrying the conversion further before neutralization. 



The syrup is used, principally, for mixing with dark 

 colored cane syrup for making light colored table syrups 

 (nearly all the table syrups now sold contain it, and fre- 

 quently from 75 per cent, to even a larger quantity), and 



also in making wine, ale, beer and vinegar. On a smaller 

 scale it is used in tobacco manufacture, the adulteration 

 of honey, fruit preserving, etc. Both the solid and liquid 

 forms are largely used in candy making, for which it has 

 several marked advantages. A syrup is prepared expressly 

 for this use, in which the conversion of the starch into 

 sugar is only partial, the syrup containing, of its solid mat- 

 ter.about eighty per cent, of the intermediate product, dex- 

 trin, and twenty- of glucose. The large consumers of 

 glucose require slightly different syrups. Wine growers, 

 tor instance, use a syrup free from dextrin. Brewers de- 

 sire a very small proportion of it, to give body to the 

 beer, while vinegar makers use a syrup free from gum. 

 The dry glucose, or grape sugar, seems, aside from its 

 legitimate use in candy making, to be most largely in de- 

 mand for the adulteration of cane sugar. No objections, 

 save of a moral and financial nature, can be urged against 

 this, but it is well to remember that for its value as a 

 sweetener, compared with cane sugar at ten cents per 

 pound, glucose is worth but four cents. So much has been 

 written against the manufacture of glucose, on account of 

 its use as an adulterant of cane sugar, that it is, perhaps, 

 only just to say that it is certainly the least objectionable 

 of any of the articles used for that purpose. It is 

 perfectly wholesome, being in fact the physiological 

 sugar, and has about two-fifths the sweetening power 

 of cane sugar, which is more than can be said of terra 

 alba, starch, bone dust, sand, etc., while its most 

 probable impurity, calcium sulphate, can, from its in- 

 solubility, be present only in minute quantity, probably 

 not more largely than in most potable waters, and is 

 not in any sense noxious. — The Druggist. 



METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR NEW YORK CITY FOR THE WEEK ENDING NOV. 19,1881. 



Latitude 40 45' 58" N.; Longitude 73 57' 58" W.; height of instruments above the ground, 53 feet ; above the sea. 97 



feet ; by self-recording instruments. 



BAROMETER. THERMOMETERS. 



NOVEMBER. 



MEAN FOR 

 THE DAV. 



MAXIMUM. 



MINIMUM. 



MEAN. . 



MAXIMUM. 



MINIMUM. 



maxi'm 



Reduced 

 to 



Freezing. 



Reduced 

 to 



Freezing. 



Time. 



Reduced 

 to 



Freezing. 



Time. 



Dry 

 Bulb. 



Wet 

 Bulb. 



Dry 

 Bulb. 



Time. 



Wet 

 Bulb. 



Time. 



Dry 

 Bulb. 



42 

 40 



36 

 33 

 37 

 52 

 45 



Time. 



Wet 

 Bulb. 



Time. 



In Sun 



Sunday, 13-- 

 Monday, 14-- 

 Tuesday, 15.. 

 Wednesday, i5 . 

 Thursday, 17-- 

 Fiiday, 18-- 

 Saturday, 19-- 



29.636 

 29.937 

 30.214 

 30.500 

 30.327 

 29.869 

 29.669 



29.790 

 30.002 

 30.442 

 3°-55° 

 30464 

 30.138 

 29.798 



12 p. m. 



9 p. m. 

 12 p. m. 



9 a. m. 



a. m. 



a. m. 

 12 p. m. 



29.542 

 29.790 

 29.976 

 3 -442 

 30.138 

 29.690 

 29.600 



1 a. m. 



a. m. 



1 a. m. 



a. m. 

 12 p. m. 

 12 p. m. 



1 p. m. 



S'.° 

 46.3 

 41.3 

 39-7 

 47.6 

 53-3 

 50.3 



49.0 

 43.6 

 38.3 

 38.0 

 45-7 

 55-6 

 49-3 



59 

 53 

 46 

 45 

 55 

 61 

 61 



a. m. 



2 p. m. 

 4 a. m. 

 4 P- m - 



3 P- m - 

 2 p. m. 

 a. m. 



58 

 48 

 43 

 4« 

 5' 

 58 

 58 



a. m. 



2 p. m. 



3 a m. 



4 p m. 

 4 p. in. 



12 p. m. 

 a. m. 



12 p. m. 



5 a. m. 

 8 a. m. 



6 a. in. 

 8 a. m. 

 a. m. 



12 p. m. 



42 

 40 

 34 

 33 

 37 

 50 

 43 



12 p. m. 



5 a. m. 

 8 a. m. 



6 a. m. 

 8 a. m. 

 a. m. 



12 p. m. 



115. 

 io6. 

 104. 



IOI. 



no. 



82. 

 62. 



Dry. Wet. 



Mean for the week 30.021 inches. Mean for the week 47.8 degiees 45.6 degrees. 



Maximum for the week at 9 a. m , Nov. 16th 30.550 " Maximum foivthe week.at 2 pm. i8ih 61. at 12 pm 18th, 58. 



Minimum " at 1 a. m., Nov. 13th 29.542 " Minimum " " 6 am. 16th 33. " at 6 am 16th, 33. 



Range 1.008 *" Range " " 28. " 25. " 



WIND. 



HYGROMETER. 



CLOUDS. 



RAIN AND SNOW. 



M 



X. 

 O 



O 





 10 



O 

 5 

 2 

 



2 



O 



3 



NOVEMBER. 



D1RECTION. 



VELOCITY 

 IN MILES. 



FORCE IN 

 LBS. PER 

 SQR. FEET. 



FORCE OF VAPOR. 



RELATIVE 

 HUMIDITY. 



CLEAR, O 

 OVERCAST. IO 



DEPTH OF RAIN AND SNOW 

 IN INCHES. 



7 a. m. 



2 p. m. 



9 p. m. 



Distance 

 for the 

 Day. 



a 

 S 



>7- 

 7} 

 ■9i 



X 



4* 



Si 

 6* 



Time. 



B 

 si 

 t*» 



E ' 



d 



« 



B 

 0. 



a< 



£ 



ci 



a 



d 



CI 



62 

 66 

 67 

 75 

 73 

 77 

 100 



B 

 d 



0* 



92 

 84 

 82 



83 

 86 

 88 

 85 



E 



ci 



E 

 d 



B 

 d 



o« 



Time 



of 

 Begin- 

 ning^ 



Time 



of 

 End- 

 ing. 



Dura- 

 tion, 

 h. m. 



H 



E * 

 < 



Sunday, 13. 

 Monday, 14- 

 Tuesday, 15. 

 Wednesday, 16- 

 Thursday, 17. 

 Friday. 18. 

 Saturday, 19- 



w. s. w. 

 w. s. w. 

 w. n.w. 



n. w, 

 s. 



s. w. 

 n. n. e. 



w. n.w. 



w. 

 n. n w. 

 w. s. w 



s. 



w. s. w. 

 n. 



w. n.w. 

 e. n. e. 



n. w. 

 w. 

 s. s. w. 

 s. s. w. 



n. w. 



241 

 197 

 3°9 

 143 

 170 

 258 

 118 



3.00pm 

 3.30 pm 

 7.30 am 

 2.00 pm 

 9.30pm 

 1 1 15 am 

 8.00 pm 



.389 

 •235 

 .190 

 .188 

 .229 

 .362 

 •335 



.282 

 .269 

 .186 

 .208 

 •295 

 .412 

 •374 



•275 

 ■251 

 .203 

 •231 

 •334 

 •456 

 .309 



93 

 9« 

 74 

 100 

 100 

 86 

 92 



O 

 



7 cu. 











9 cu. 

 9 cu. 



1 cir. s. 



7 cir. cu. 

 4 cu. 







I s. 

 9 cu. 

 9 cu. 





 

 

 



7 cu. 



10 



10 



5.15 pm 



9 pm 







3-45 



"" 

 .03 



Dislanci traveled during the week 1,496 mile*. I Total amount of water for the week 0.05 inch. 



Maximum force igji lbs. | Duration of rain 3 hours, 45 minutes 



DANIEL DRAPER, Ph. D. 

 Director Meteorological Observatory of the Department ot Public Parks, New York. 



