BEPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 



477 



Larval and Pupal Stages of European Species. 

 In all probability our American species winter in the egg state. The 

 larva? have not been seen by me. The following is abridged from 

 Packard's (loc. cit., pp. 163, 164) rendering of Brauer's observations upon 

 European species. The larva 1 of Bittacus do not burrow in the ground as 

 dotho-e of PanorpO) but remain on the surface and secrete themselves 

 under leaves, etc. ; like Panorpa, the larva? feed readily upon meat. 

 They differ from that of Panorpa in the possession of "two rows 

 of dorsal spiny tubercles which end in long stiff filaments, and which 

 extend from behind the head to the tail." They are reddish-gray in 

 color and their hairs resemble particles of earth or bits of vegetation 

 and thus aid in concealing the possessor. " At the least disturbance 

 they assume an erect position, throwing the body into the shape of an 

 S, or they roll up spirally like a saw-fly larva and fall into the cracks 

 in the ground." They pupate in a cell one or two inches below the 

 surface, in which the larvse remain ten days before pupation. The 

 pupa state lasts fourteen days. 



Partial Bibliography of Panorpa and Bittacus. 



Kirby-Spence: Entomology, 1828, i, p. 274; ii, p. 253 (habits, brief). 

 Westwood: Introduct. Mod. Class. Ins., ii, 1840, pp. 52-54, f. 65, 9-19 (natural 



history in brief); in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon., iv, p. 1 (monograph 



of Panorpa) . 



Fitch: in Am. Quart. Journ. Agr. and Science, May, 1847, v, p. 274; the 

 same republished, in Lintners 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 236 

 (reference to Panorpa); 14th Rept. Noxious and Other Ins. X. Y.. 

 1872, pp. 374-376 (characters of Panorpa and Bittacus). 



Hagen: Syn. Neur. N. Am., 1861, pp. 241-248 (Panorpa and Bittacus, 

 description of species). 



Harris: Insects Inj. to Veg., 1862, p. 600 (reference to Bittacus}. 



Brauer: Verhandl. der k. k. zool. bot. Gesellschaft, xiii, 1863, p. 310, Taf. 13, 

 14 (descriptions of larvae and life-history of Panorpa communis 

 and Bittacus italicus Mill).). 



McLachlan: in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon., 1868, p. 208, pi. xi (after Brauer). 



GUIER: Ins. World. 1868, pp. 428 430, figs. 410-413 (popular account of habits.) 



Packard: Guide Study Insects, 1869, pp. 618-615, f . 605 (general account); in 

 3d Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., 1883, p. 342, pis. lix, lx (structure); 

 in Am. Nat., Sept., 1883, pp. 936-937 (larval characters of Panorpa 

 and Bittacus); in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust, and Ins., 

 1884, pp. 161-163, f. 235 (life-history after Brauer); Zool. for High 

 Schools.and Coll., 1886, p. 350; Ent. for Beginn., 1888, p. 89, f. 81 

 (brief account); in Psyche, v, 1889, pp. 159-164 (on occurrence of 

 taste organs in Mecoptera); p. 194 (mouth parts of Panorpa and 

 Boreus) . 



