210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



then discharged through an opening in the floor of the latter on 

 to an endless belt which carries it up to the molding machine. 

 The brick are burnt in scove kilns. 



Spencer, Tioga Co. W. H. BostAvick's yard is about one mile 

 south of the village. The clay which is dug in a field adjoining 

 the works, is a tough reddish material four to six feet thick. It 

 is underlain by sand and gravel. The bricks are dried on pallets 

 and burned in stationary up-draft kilns. 



Newfield, Tompkins Co. F. C. Campbell's brick yard is about 

 one mile north of the station along the Lehigh Valley Kailroad. 

 Adjoining the yard is the clay bank which rises to a height of 

 about 50 feet. The clay is of a bluish color, the upper portions 

 containing more sand. 



An analysis of this clay showed 



Silica 51.30 



Alumina 12.21 



Peroxide of iron 3.32 



Lime 11.63 



Magnesia 4.73 



Alkalies 4.33 



Organic matter 1.50 



89.02 



Notwithstanding the high percentage of lime which gives the 

 brick its cream color, a very strong product is produced. Cover- 

 ing the clay is several feet of yellowish stratified sand. Lime 

 pebbles occur in the clay and a special apparatus is used to 

 extract them. It consists of a large shallow circular pan in which 

 a number of small wheels revolve on a shaft. The bottom of the 

 pan is perforated. The clay is thus ground and passes through 

 the bottom of the pan, while the stones are not crushed. The 

 bricks are molded on stiff mud machines and repressed on a hand- 

 power machine. Chamber dryers are used and burning done in 

 down-draft kilns or scove kilns. The clay burns to a whitish brick ; 

 further burning at a higher heat gives a hard yellow brick, which 

 is smaller, but sold for paving purposes. The following is a 

 report of tests made on these brick in the laboratory at Cornell 

 University: "All the bricks were teste! on edge, as used for pur- 



