272 BEV. J. T. GULICK OI^" DTVERQENT EVOLUTIOiT 



the incompatible forms is as truly a cause of divergence as the 

 inferior opportunity for crossing wliich from the first existed 

 between the members occupying different localities or between 

 tlie flowers growing on diff'erent trees of the same species. The 

 former has been called Negative, and the latter Positive, Segre- 

 gation, not for the sake of distinguishing diff'erent grades of 

 efficiency, but for the sake of indicating the different methods of 

 operation in the two classes of Segregation. 



{6) Institutional SEaREGATioN. 



Institutional Segregation is the E-eflexive form of Eational 

 Segregation. It is produced by the rational purposes of man 

 embodied in institutions that prevent free intergeneration be- 

 tween the different parts of the same race. 



As the principal object of the present paper is to call attention 

 to the causes of Segregation acting independently of eff'ort and 

 contrivance directed by man to that end, it will be sufficient 

 to enumerate some of the more prominent forms under which 

 Institutional Segregation presents itself, noting that some of 

 these influences come in as supplemental to the laws of segrega- 

 tion already discussed, simply reinforcing by artificial barriers 

 the segregations that have their original basis in nature. The 

 chief forms that should be enumerated are National, Linguistic, 

 Caste, Penal, Sanitary, and Educational Segregation ; and if we 

 had not already considered Industrial Segregation in the previous 

 chapter, that might be added. 



CoNCLrDiNG Remaeks. 



Besides Artificial and Institutional Segregation, which depend 

 on the rational purpose of man, we have now considered numerous 

 forms of Segregation, resting on no less than 18 groups of purely 

 natural causes. Owing to the length of this paper I deem it 

 wise to bring it to a close without discussing the laws that co- 

 operate in intensifying the eff'ects directly produced by the 

 segregative causes already considered. As I have shown in 

 Chapter II., Segregation is not simply the Independent G-enera- 

 tion of the different sections of a species, but the Independent 

 Generation of sections that differ ; and though no one will 

 believe that any two sections of a species are ever exactly equi- 

 valent, it is evident that the degrees of diff'erence may be greater 



