180 



JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vol. VIII. 



any of either the five or the ten* forbidden actions. Thus the 

 Bodhisat, without giving pain to a single individual, made all the 

 inhabitants of the land keep the precepts, and himself having given 

 gifts and done other acts of merit, at the end of his life went with 

 his retinue to fill a place in the city of the gods. 



The teacher related this religious discourse on the words : "This 

 is not the first time, mendicants, that the Tathagata (Buddha) has 

 lived for the good of the world, formerly he did so also ;" and then 

 he made the connection and linked the birth-story (to the present) 

 by saying : " The retinue of that time were the Buddha's retinue, 

 and the king of Benares was I myself." 



(End of" Dummedha" Birth-Story. End of the Fifth Decade 

 called Atthakamavaggo. End of the First Fifty.) 



APPENDIX III. 



NOTE ON " HIRI." 

 , Hiri is shame at impropriety of act, for which " modesty" is a 

 synonym, while ottappam is 6< shrinking from sin." Hiri is 

 excited from within, ottappam from without. Hiri rests on self- 

 authority, ottappam on world-authority. Hiri has the nature of 

 modesty, ottappam of fear. Hiri marks sense of propriety, 

 ottappam marks quickness to see the danger of fault. 



(1) There are four things by which a man excites within him 

 the internal sense of Hiri: considerations of rank, of age, of 

 strength, and of learning. Of rank, as when he abstains from 

 destroying life and other sins from the reflection ; such and such 

 a sinful act is not the act of people of rank, it is the act of low-born 

 people and fishers ; it is not fitting for a man of such rank to 

 commit this act. Of age, when he thinks such and such a sinful 

 act is what boys would do ; it is not fitting for a man of my age ? 

 &c. Of strength, when he thinks this is what feeble-natured people 

 would do, not a man of my strength. Of learning, when he thinks 

 this is the act of fools, not of wise men ; it is not fit for a man of 

 my wisdom and learning. Then by these four considerations he 

 excites the feeling of Hiri within himself, and so, having put that 

 feeling into his mind, abstains from the sin ; hence it is said that 

 Hiri is excited within the man's self. Ottappam, on the other 

 hand is excited by external considerations. " If you do the sinful 

 deed you will meet with condemnation among the four companies. 

 The wise man will condemn him as the city man does dirt ; what 



* Pancadasasu vd. Read Pancasu vd dasasu vd. 



