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JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [Vol. VIIJ. 



1st.— In the "Munmari" there are two different modes of culti- 

 vation, — one under the ploughing system, commenced about 

 September, and the other under the trampling system, commenced 

 about January in the following year; but the age of the paddy 

 sown in the former being longer than that used in the latter, the 

 harvest of both takes place simultaneously in April. 



2ndly. — The second, or the u Kalavellanmai" cultivation, which 

 is termed "Pinmari" in Trincomalee, is entirely under the tramp- 

 ling system, and is commenced in March, and sometimes in April: 

 its harvest takes place in August. 



3rdly. — The third, or the "Ettalai" cultivation, which is also 

 carried on under the trampling system, is commenced in August, 

 and its harvest comes on about the end of September or the 

 beginning of October. 



In the cultivation of a field, a portion of the land is set apart 

 for the "Pddi," or proprietor, which is called "Muttaddu," and 

 another to the *'Munnilaikkaran," or the head field-servant, called 

 the "Munnilai vayal" ; and the rest is divided between the culti- 

 vators, or "Veliyans," which divisions are called " Veliyan 

 vayal." As a general rule, about a fifth of the field is taken as 

 " Muttaddu," but if the field be more than twenty avanams' 

 sowing extent, about a fourth is cultivated as "Muttaddu," and 

 in consideration of the responsibility and supervision of the whole 

 field by the "Munnilaikkaran," who is the sole manager of the 

 cultivation, the "Munnilai vayal" either equals, or is a little 

 larger than, the "Muttaddu"; and the remainder is divided 

 equally, according to the extent cultivatable by each man, having 

 respect to the facilities for cultivation, the quality of the soil, and 

 the means of irrigation, as well as the expenses of fencing and 

 watching. Care is however taken that each man's share shall 

 not be less than two avanams' extent, nor exceed three avanams' 

 extent at most. There are, however, exceptional cases founded 

 on either the fertility or the sterlitiy of the soil, where the Mun- 

 nilaikkaran has an extra portion, called "Ilavisam" to cultivate. 



For instance, in a field of 20J avanams' extent the divisions 

 and number of cultivators are determined as follows : — 



Muttaddu 4 avanams 



Munnilai vayal 4 „ 



Ilavisam 0£ „ 



Six Veliyan vayals, at 2 avanams each 12 „ 



20A avanams ; 



