WEST C17MBEIILAXD AND NORM LANCASHIRE. 



35 



Some of the pieces of wood in A. were as much as 12 inches in 

 diameter, but all lying' on their side and partly flattened as if by 

 pressure. 



Here, as at Walney, we find Boulder-clay under the deposit, but 

 we have no direct proof of its having been overlain by that forma- 

 tion. 



St.-Bees Deposit. — A few miles further north than Drigg, along 

 the coast, opposite St. Bees (Plate III. fig. 1), there is another 

 deposit, which I have examined more minutely than any of the 

 others. A plan and two sections of it are given in figs. 12-14. 

 In this deposit I have sunk several shafts and boreholes, sections 

 of two of which (Nos. 1 & S) I give below. 



Shaft No. 1. 



A. Vegetable matter (brown) and grey sand in layers of different thicknesses. 



The vegetable matter contains seeds of various sizes, leaves and stems 

 of rush-like plants, hazel-nuts, leaves and wood of the oak, alder, and 

 hazel. The rush-like stems are numerous, and vary in length from 1 

 to 3 inches ; they are standing erect, and crumpled endwise, like those 

 found at Drigg. The following diatoms hare been found in this layer : — 

 Epithemia turgida, Epithemia granulata, Epithemia proboscidia, Pinmc- 

 lar'ta acuta. A vertebral column about the size of that of a rat was also 

 found in this bed. 



B. Grev sandy clay containing a few rush-like leaves and the elytra of 



beetles. 



C. Hazel-wood, nuts, and leaves, also leaves of the oak, beech, and alder. 



D. Similar to A, but containing more leaves and hazel-nuts. 



(Boulder-clay.) 



Shaft jSTo. 8. 



A. Vegetable matter (brown), containing wood and leaves of the same kinds 



as those found in the same bed in Shaft Xo. 1 . 



B. Fine blue clay with rush-like stems standing upright, and the elytra of 



beetles. 



C. Vegetable matter consisting almost entirely of leaves of the oak, alder, and 



willow, and hazel and alder wood. 



D. Brown sand and vegetable matter with some rush-like stems standing up- 



right and crumpled. 



On the surface of the deposit there are a considerable number of 

 stems of oak and alder, the former turned black and the latter 

 pink ; some of them are as much as 12 and IS inches in diameter. 

 I also found a large piece of the stem of a coniferous plant about 

 18 inches in diameter. Under the microscope it was like the yew. 

 These stems and branches all lie on their sides. In several parts of 

 the deposit there are root-stocks of oak and alder with about 12 

 inches of stem standing, as though they had grown where we see 

 them : the rootlets, however, are imbedded only in vegetable matter ; 

 they do not extend into the underlying earth. 



IS, ear the upper edge of the shingle, on the beach, two boreholes 

 were put down for the purpose of proving whether or not the vege- 

 table deposit extended so far inland. One of these boreholes is 

 shown in the section A B, fig. 13. The particulars of it were as 

 follows : — 



d2 



