C0RALL1EE110US SERIES OF BIND. 



195 



highly fossiliferous ; but it has not yielded very good specimens of 

 Corals. The indications of a fringing-reef-buildirig fauna, or a bank 

 of coral, are distinct ; but the species when compared with their 

 modern analogues do not indicate a great reef-development. 

 Amongst other fossils, Lamellibranchiata prevail, and the Echini are 

 numerous; but the jNumnnilitcs and Orbitolites, Alveolince, and 

 Patellince are the most important organic remains. Amongst the 

 Nummiilites there are N. Bamondi, iV". biaritzensis, iV. Beaumonti, 

 N. granulosus, and N. Leymeriei. 



The ]STari series rests conformably on the Khirthars ; and there is 

 occasionally an apparent passage from the Khirthar limestone into a 

 yellow or brown rock of the ISTari group. There is, however, a 

 biological break ; for the Juimmulites of the upper group aro 

 characteristic, and differ from those of the lower. The Khirthar 

 forms are not found, and Nummidites garansensis appears with Orbi- 

 toides pevpyracea, in the j^ari series. The rock is a limestone with 

 intercalations of sandstones and shales. As a rule, shales, tine sand- 

 stones, and occasional bands of limestone form the base of the Kari 

 group, and pass upwards into coarse, massive, thick-bedded sand- 

 stones, attaining a thickness of from 4000 to 5000 feet on the eastern 

 flank of the Khirthar range. 



A local break occurs to the south, and the Upper Nari beds rest 

 unconformable on the denuded edges of the Lower Nari brown 

 limestones ; and still further south, fifty miles east of Karachi, there 

 is a well-marked distinction between the upper members of the 

 group with Orbitoides papyracea and the lower with Nummidites 

 garansensis ; and in one locality the upper member overlaps the 

 lower, and rests on Khirthar limestone. 



To the east of the Laki range the ISTari beds are wanting, and the 

 Manchhar series rests unconformably on the Khirthar, with some 

 pebble-beds of the Gaj series intervening. But to the west of the 

 range the Nari and the Gaj series are found in their normal sequence ; 

 and towards the coast the exact distinction which can be drawn 

 elsewhere, stratigraphically and petrologicaUy, between the Ter- 

 tiary series is not possible : this is mainly due to the disappear- 

 ance of the limestone element of the Khirthar and ISTari series, and 

 to the prevalence of sandstones and shales. The fossils, however, 

 distinguish the groups • but the horizons of the zones of jNurnmu- 

 lites and Orbitoides vary, being higher or lower in their proper series 

 according to locality. 



The upper sandstones of the iSTari group have not yielded marine 

 fossils, and in Upper Sind they contain the remains of plants. 



The J^ummulites become fewer in their species at the base of the 

 !N~ari group, and cease to be found in the lower beds of the suc- 

 ceeding series, the Gaj. 



The Gaj group, with a base of highly fossiliferous limestones and 

 calcareous beds, more or less shaly and stratified, overlies the softer 

 shales and sandstones of the Kari series. The development of the 

 calcareous series is great ; but it is subordinate to an arenaceous 

 element. The sandstones are intercalated with clays with gypsum ; 



