CORAEEIFEROUS SEEIES OF SESTD. 



205 



pentapotamice, Mastodon, Listriodon pentapotamice, Rhinoceros, 

 Merycopotamus, Borcatherium, Sanitherium Schlagintweitii, and 

 Amphicyon palceindicus. 



It is remarkable that all these horizons should contain Bino- 

 therium. 



Fourthly, the Sivalik clays, sands, and conglomerates above the 

 jSTahun series present an assemblage of genera and species second 

 to none in importance, and much grander generally than the existing 

 fauna, which is very slightly represented. A number of genera 

 which had lived in the Miocene elsewhere were associated with 

 genera not known in mid-Tertiary deposits, and which have lasted 

 either into Post-Pliocene or into Recent times. The Binotheria are 

 absent. Omitting the common Miocene genera and stating the 

 others, an African element is noticed, as in the instance of Pikermi 

 in Greece. The characteristic genera are Palceopithecus, Macacus, 

 Semnojnthecus, Stegodon, Elephas, Loxodon, Hippopotamus, Camelo- 

 pardalis, Camelus, Bos, Buhalus, Bison, Cervus, Equus, Canis, Ursus, 

 Jlellivora, 3/eles, Lutra, Enhydriodon, Tapirus, Hystrix, Mus, Rhizo- 

 mys, Crocodilus, Gavialis, Varanus, Ballia, and Emys. 



Moreover many of the freshwater Mollusca are identical with 

 recent forms. 



It appears that these wide horizons are separable into an older 

 series, with Binotherium, Hyotherium, Hemimeryx, Sivameryx, Hyopo- 

 tamus, Anthracotherium, Acerotherium, and Manis, but without 

 Elephas and the later bovines ; and into a younger series, in which 

 genera of an African t}*pe, such as Hippop>otamus and Camelo- 

 pardxdis, are found, and without the older types. 



The first series is in relation with the Lower Manchhars, and the 

 second with the Sivalik deposits above the JSTahun beds. But the 

 interesting fauna from Kushalghar appears to be probably of Nahun 

 age ; and if that should be proved eventually, the succession of two 

 fairly distinct faunas, linked together by some species, will be 

 evident. 



Pinally, the Post-Pliocene deposits of the Jumna area, and also 

 of the Xerbudda and other peninsular rivers, contain some species of 

 the Sivalik horizon. 



Y. General Considerations regarding the Age of the last Himalayan 



Upheaval. 



It might be supposed, considering the ready manner in which 

 European mammalian faunas are placed in the scale of geological 

 succession, that the contemporaneity of some of them with the 

 Sivalik-Manchhar assemblage of vertebrates would be easily deter- 

 mined, and a geological age given for the latter without doubt. 



But the critical examination of the positions in which many of 

 the European mammaliferous deposits have been found, indicates 

 that the manner in which the Tertiary deposits have been classified 

 by means of the fossil Mammalia is open to exception. 



Two well-known examples of European mammaliferous deposits 

 which resemble, in their succession, the Sivalik-Manchhar series are 



