292 T. V. HOLMES ON THE PERMIAN, TRIASSIC, AND 



stone above St. Bees.) Ascending the Eskit appears beneath Long- 

 town Bridge and at various spots in the neighbourhood of Kirk- 

 andrews Tower ; also about the outfall of Carwinley Burn, and up 

 that stream as high as Carwinley Mill. At the mill the junction 

 with the St. Bees is well shown. It seems to me that there is some 

 slight evidence of unconformity between them at this point, West 

 of the Esk, Kirklinton Sandstone is seen in the lower part of the 

 course of the Glinger Burn, and St. Bees nearer Scots Dyke. All 

 that can be said of its western outcrop is that it must keep a little 

 westward of the various exposures in the Glinger Burn and at Metal 

 Bridge and Kockcliff, and eastward of the Gypseous Shales of Bow- 

 ness. It probably runs below the Lias in the neighbourhood of 

 Kirk Bampton. 



It will be remembered that the Kirklinton Sandstone seen at 

 Cummersdale was invariably red, like that of Kirklinton or 

 Netherby ; but at Holmhead, in higher beds, a borehole recorded by 

 Mr. E. W. Binney* pierced through 108 feet of white sandstone, 

 overlying 117 feet (not through) of red. At Carlisle Gaol the bore- 

 hole was through 250 feet of red sandstone ; while at Messrs. Dixon 

 and Co.'s, West Tower Street, I was informed by Mr. John Hamil- 

 ton that 123 feet of white sandstone were penetrated. Other ex- 

 amples might be given. Lastly, in a boring at Stainton, in still 

 higher beds, 360 feet of white or grey stone were proved above an 

 unknown thickness of red. Thus the Kirklinton Sandstone appears 

 to consist of a lower red, a middle red and white, and an upper 

 white series of beds. 



The Stanwix Marls probably nowhere attain any considerable 

 thickness. Their most characteristic colours are red and greenish 

 grey. They vary very much in hardness, stony bands being much 

 more common in some places than others. They lie between Cliff 

 Bridge on the north and Carlisle on the south, Houghton on the 

 east and Beaumont on the west. They are well shown on the Eden 

 in the lower part of the cliff at Etterby Scaur, from the North 

 British railway-bridge to Grinsdale, and about Beaumont, the sec- 

 tions in the two last-named localities being in the left bank of the 

 river. On the Line their junction with the underlying Kirklinton 

 Sandstone may be very plainly seen, both at Westlinton and near 

 Cliff Bridge. At Westlinton it appears in the bank bounding the 

 alluvial flat, a few yards east of the bridge, Nearer Cliff Bridge it 

 is plainly shown in the little plantation bordering the alluvium, 

 about midway between Cliff Bridge and High Alstonby. The marls 

 appear here and there in the little streams that unite and fall into 

 the Line between Low Alstonby and Westlinton ; they are visible 

 nearly as far eastward as Stonystonerigg. 



Before taking leave of the neighbourhood of Kirklinton, which is, 

 as we have seen, perhaps supreme in geological interest among the 

 localities mentioned in this paper, I may remark that the scenery of 

 the Line above Cliff Bridge is very picturesque for many miles and 

 very different from that below it. Both scenery and geology, how- 

 * Mem. Lit. & Phil. Soc. Manchester, ser. 3, vol. ii. pp. 343-388. 



