228 JOURNAL, R.A.S. (CEYLON). [VOL. XIV. 



and consonants and their pronunciation. The eleventh and 

 three following consonants* are expressed by T and D, but 

 intersected by two linesf to distinguish them from the 16th, 

 17th, 18th, and 19th letters,^ to pronounce which correctly 

 the tongue must be moved to the palate. 



I shall add nothing about the declensions of the nouns, 

 except that the cases are distinguished by certain letters 

 added to their terminations, thus : — 



Appa S Appataa j Appee 



Appagee I Appawaa I Appaagen 



and so in the plural— 



Appaawaaru I Appaawarunda [ Appaawarunee 

 Appaawarunnee I Appaawarunwa I Appaawarunnen§ 



As for conjugations, of which they have four, they give- 

 more difficulty, since the word itself does not remain 

 unchanged as among the Malays . . . . [| but in addition 

 to the prefixing of pronouns the word is changed in its last 

 syllables : thus Kianjai, " 1 shall say "; Kijandoeoenu, "you 

 will say"; Kianjanu^ "we shall say"; Kieandojoelaanu, 

 "you or they will say." 



Those who care about these letters will see all these things 

 set forth with the greatest accuracy in the Singalese grammar 

 shortly to be published for the public of Amsterdam, and 

 compiled for the use of our Colonies in the Island of Ceylon.1T 



* I.e., the Unguals. 



f This is a mistake. If the plate is closely examined it will be seen 

 that only one line is really used. The other line is the cross of the t, and 

 is not shown in the d, which has only one line in each case, while the t 

 has two. Ruell adopts the same. 



% Le., the dentals. 



§ The long vowels both of Sinhalese and Tamil are represented by 

 doubling the letter, thus a is represented by aa, 6 by oo, &c. Ruell does 

 the same. No doubt this accounts for such names as Ilangakon being 

 spelt Ilangkoon, Mannar by Manaar. Reland here uses ee for the long e, 

 which he omits in the alphabet. 



|| Here follow some examples from Malay. 



% This no doubt refers to Ruell's "Grammar of the Sinhalese Language,'* 

 which was published at Amsterdam in the same year that the " Disserta- 

 tions " came out. Johannes Ruell was Rector of the Sinhalese Seminary 

 at Colombo. 



