XX 



EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS. 



Lead. — A channel through the ice. A ship is said to " take the right lead" when she fol- 

 lows a channel conducting her into a more navigable sea, and vice versa. 

 MAKING-OFF blubber.— The operation of putting it into casks. 

 Nipped. — The situation of a ship when forcibly pressed by ice. 



Pack. — A large body of ice consisting of separate masses lying close together, and whose 

 extent cannot be seen . 



PANCAKE-ICE. — Newly formed ice, assuming the peculiar conformation of numberless 

 patches of "sludge," and giving the surface of the sea the appearance of a hand- 

 some pavement. 



Patch of Ice. — The same as a pack, but of small dimensions. 



Sailing-JCE. — Ice of which the masses are so much separated as to allow a ship to sail among 

 them. 



SALLYING a ship. — The operation of causing her to roll, by the men running in a body from 

 side to side, so as to relieve her from the adhesion and friction of the young ice 

 around her. 



SLUDGE. — Ice of the consistence of thick honey, offering little impediment to a ship while 

 in this state, but greatly favouring the formation of a " bay-floe." 



STREAM. — A long and narrow, but generally continuous collection of loose ice. 



TONGUE. — A mass of ice projecting under water, from an iceberg or floe, and generally dis- 

 tinguishable at a considerable depth in smooth water. It differs from a " calf in 

 being fixed to, or a part of, the larger body. 



WATER-SKY. — A dark appearance in the sky, indicating " clear water" in that direction, and 

 forming a striking contrast with the " blink" over land or ice. 



YoiJNG-ICE. — Nearly the same as " bay-ice," but generally applied to ice more recently 

 formed than the latter. 



