AVIFAUNA OF LAYS AN, ETC. 



247 



58. GALLINULA SANDVICENSIS, Streets. 



ALAI or ALAE. 



" Common Water or Darker Hen," King, in Cook's Last Voy. Pacif. Ocean, iii. p. 120 (1781). 

 Fulica chloropus (non Linnams !), Bloxam, Voy. ' Blonde/ p. 250 (1826). 



Gallinula chloropus, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. i. p. 220 (1818) ; Hartl. Arch. f. Naturg. xviii. p. 137 (1852) ; 



Dole, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. xii. p. 302 (1809) j id. Hawaiian Alman. 1879, p. 53. 

 Gallinula galeata (partim !), G. R. Gray, Hand-1. B. iii. p. 66 (1879). 



Gallinula sandvicensis, Streets, Ibis, 1877, p. 25 (Oalm, figure of forehead) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mns. no. 7 

 (Contr. N. Hist. Hawaii & Fanning Is.), p. 19 (1877) ; Finseh, Ibis, 1880, p. 78 (Maui, Oalm) ; Ridgw. 

 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 331 (1882) j Wilson & Evans, Avcs Ilawaiienscs, pt. iv. text & plate (1893) . 



Gallinula sandivichensis, Wallace, Island Life, p. 290 (1881) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 180 (1894). 



Gallinula galeata sandvicensis, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 78 (1887); xii. p. 380 (1889). 



The Moorhen inhabiting the Sandwich Islands differs somewhat from Gallinula galeata by 

 the more swollen and extended frontal shield, which reaches beyond the eyes. Tin; 

 phases of plumage and coloration of the bare parts agree with those of Gallinula 

 chloropus, from which the adult G. sandvicensis differs most conspicuously in the 

 much greater development of the frontal shield, bill, and feet. 



The figures will best show the differences of the frontal shields of G. galeata, G. chloropus, 

 and G. sandvicensis. 



For a discussion of the various forms allied to Gallinula chloropus, see Hartert's article 

 in ' Novitates Zoologica?,' v. pp. 62-61 (1898). He recognizes there six apparently 

 distinct forms, namely : — 



1. Gallinula chloropus (L.), inhabiting Europe, Africa, Asia generally, and Guam in 



the Marianne Islands. 



2. G. chloropus orientate, Ilorsf., which he considers as doubtfully separable, from 



the Malay Archipelago. 



3. G. chloropus pyrrhorhoa, Newt., from Mauritius, Madagascar, and Reunion, with 



buff under tail-coverts. 



4. G. galeata, Bp., America generally. 



5. G. galeata garmani, Allen, from Lake Titicaca and Chili, of much larger dimensions. 



6. G. sandvicensis, Streets, from the Sandwich Islands. 



Prof. Oustalet (Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, ser. 3, viii. (1896) p. 34) unites the Moorhen 

 from Guam with G. sandvicensis, but according to Mr. Hartert the Guam form is not 

 separable from G. chloropus. Of Gallinula sandvicensis, Hartert says that it " cannot 

 be put down as a subspecies of galeata, from which it differs considerably by the extent of 



