394 



SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



86. SCROPHULARIACE/E. Figwort Family. 



Ours herbs excepting Diplacus and some species of Pentstemon 

 and Castilleja. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers complete. 

 Stamens 4. in 2 pairs (one pair shorter than the other), or one pair 

 sterile, or stamens 2 only, always inserted on the corolla. Verbascum 

 has 5 perfect stamens and in several genera the fifth stamen is present 

 as a sterile filament or rudiment. Corolla commonly bilabiate, with 

 2 lobes in the upper lip (or this guleate), and 3 in the lower, or some- 

 times nearly regular and with either 4 or 5 lobes. Calyx synsepalous 

 or sometimes chorisepalous. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style 1. Fruit 

 a 2-celled, 2-valved capsule, with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence, 

 or opening near the apex by pores; seeds numerous or often few, with 

 a minute mostly straight embryo in abundant endosperm. An impor- 

 tant family biologically, the species in California numerous, and many 

 of them the showiest of West-American plants. All of the Californian 

 genera are represented in the region of San Francisco Bay, save the 

 monotypic annual Mohavea, of the Mohave desert; this allied to 

 Antirrhinum, but fertile stamens only 2. Few extra-limital species 

 are here noticed, since as a whole they are to be recognized only by 

 critical mark-. 



A. Leaves alternate; anther-bearing stamens 5. 



Corolla nearly regular, rotate, with short tube; filaments (or some of them) 



very hairy 1. Verbascum. 



B. Leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate; anther-bearing 

 stamens less than 5. 



Corolla with a spur or sac at base of tube on lower side, often with a promi- 

 nent palate nearly closing the throat; stamens 4, all with anthers; 

 capsule opening by pores or chinks near the apex. 

 Corolla-tube with a sac at base; palate closing the throat 



2. Antirrhinum. 



Corolla-tube with a spur at base; palate seldom closing the throat 



3. Linaria. 



corolla without spurs or sacs at base of tube, bilabiate to nearly regular; 

 upper lip not galeate. 

 Stamens with anthers 4; fifth stamen present as a sterile filament, scale, 

 or mere gland. 

 Annuals; fifth stamen present as a rudiment or gland. 

 Corolla strongly declined, strongly bilabiate; middle lobe of lower lip 

 folded lengthwise into a sac enclosing the stamens and style. . . . 



4. Collinsia. 



Corolla minute, little declined, the lobes rotately spreading; some 

 cauline leaves ternately divided or parted .... 5. Tonella. 

 Perennials. 



Corolla short, inflated, with 4 lobes erect and 1 reflexed; sterile stamen 



a scale on upper lip 6. Scrophularia. 



Corolla tubular, from strongly to obscurely bilabiate; sterile filament 

 conspicuous, about equaling the fertile ones . . . 7. Pentstemon. 

 Stamens 4, all with anthers (except no. 10) ; fifth stamen wholly absent. 

 I lalyx 5-toothed. 

 Corolla tubular or funnelform, often elongated. 

 Calyx 5-angled, plicate-carinate or prismatic. 



Shrubs 8. Diplacus. 



Herbs 9. Mimulus. 



Calyx not prismatic, slightlv o-sulcate; stamens 4, 2 fertile; annual. 



10. Mimktanthe. 



