RUBIACE^E. 467 



Introduced European mint: Sonoma Co.; Palo Alto Creek, Marin 

 Co., Congdon; islands of the Lower San Joaquin. 



3. M. piperita L. Peppermint. Stems erect, strict and un- 

 branched below the terminal inflorescence; herbage glabrous; leaves 

 ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sparsely and sharply serrate, 

 distinctly petioled; spikes dense, scarcely interrupted; calyx resinous- 

 glandular; corolla white with a pink tinge. 



Along streamlets in low fields: West Berkeley; Haywards; Alva- 

 rado. Sept. Naturalized. 



M. citrata Ehrh. Leaves rounded and flowers in a terminal head 

 with a few whorls. — West Berkeley, acc. to Greene. 



4. M. spicata L. Spearmint. Similar to the preceding; leaves 

 sessile or subsessile; flower whorls crowded in a narrow leafless spike, 

 commonly interrupted; calyx campanulate, its teeth subulate, nearly 

 as long as tube. — (M. viridis L.) 



Rather common in wet places: Berkeley; Napa Valley; Lake Co. 

 Naturalized. 



95. RUBIACE/E. Madder Family. 



Shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorled entire leaves. Flowers 

 perfect or polygamous, rarely unisexual. Calyx-lobes or -teeth, 

 corolla-lobes and stamens 4, except Sherardia. Calyx coherent with 

 the 2 to 5-celled ovary, its limb sometimes obsolete. Stamens alter- 

 nate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube. Embryo 

 in fleshy or horny albumen. A very large order including the 

 Cinchona and Coffee Plant. Kelloggia galioides of the Sierras has a 

 perennial root, opposite leaves with interposed stipules, greenish 

 yellow corolla 3 lines long, and densely uncinate-hispid fruits. 



Herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. 



Corolla rotate; flowers in cymes or solitary, pediceled. . 1. GALIUM. 



Corolla funnelform; flowers in involucrate heads . . . . 2. Sherardia. 

 Large shrub; corolla tubular-funneli'urin ; flowers in dense globose long- 

 peduneled heads 3. Cephalaxthus. 



1. GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. 

 Herbs or some species slightly suffrutescent, with slender square 

 stems. Leaves exstipulate, in whorls. Flowers cymose, peduncled. 

 Calyx-limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, short. 

 Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit didymous, of two globular 

 halves, dry or fleshy, separating when ripe into 2 seed-like indehiscent 

 1-seeded carpels. (Greek gala, milk, certain species being used to 

 curdle milk.) 



A. Annuals. 



Mature fruit dry; leaves 6 to 8 in a whorl. 



Pedicels curved in fruit 1. G. tricorne. 



Pedicels straight in fruit. 



Fruit granulate or tuberculate but glabrous 2. G. Parisicnsc. 



Fruit densely uncinate-hispid 3. G. Aparhic. 



B. Perennials. 



Mature fruit dry. 



Leaves 6 in a whorl, cuspidate-acuminate 4. a. tririorum. 



Leaves 4 or 5 in a whorl, obtuse at apex o. G. trxfidum. 



