SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 



Leaves thiekish, pinnately parted into 3-lobed segments, ending in very 

 stout spines; uppermost leaves lanceolate but as stoutly spinose; 

 involucre arachnoid-woolly, its bracts cartilaginous at base; rare 



4. C. Andrewsii. 



Similar to the last, but the involucres glabrous; leafy bracts few, very 

 similar to the proper bracts and pectinate-spinescent; lower San 

 Joaquin 5. C. craxsicaulc. 



C. Involucral bracts appressed-imbricate in many ranks, the outer suc- 

 cessively shorter, the slender short spine at their tip more or less 

 abruptly spreading, the innermost erect, devoid of spine; heads naked 

 as in ail the following. 



Bracts linear-lanceolate, entire, with needle-like termination. 

 Heads campanulate to ovate, 1 to \\£ in. high; tall glabrate plant o£ 



salt marshes . , . 6. C. hydrophilum. 



Heads small, cylindric, 1 in. or less high ; slender plant. 4 'to 7 ft. high, 



commonly white-woolly 7. C. Brcweri. 



Bracts very broad and comparatively short, entire; heads 1% to 2 in. 



high; plants low, commonly y 2 ft.high 8. C. quercetorum . 



Bracts roundish and dilated at apex, the margin lacerate-fringed ; heads 

 1 to 1% in. high ; plant 1 to 2 it. high 9. C. callilepe. 



D. Involucral bracts not appressed-imbricated; heads naked, not leafy- 

 bracted, on long peduncles. 



Involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts elongated-oblong or linear or 

 subulate, cuspidate or scarious at apex, lacerately fringed or 

 entire, erect or little spreading, not squarrose, glabrate or nearly so. 



10. C. ranotifolium. 



Involucre campanulate and its base depressed about the summit of the 

 peduncle; outer involucral bracts prickle-tipped, stout and squarrose- 

 spreading. 



Bracts slender, spreading, straight or incurved, appressed at the very 

 base ; corollas cream-color or white, the segments shorter than the 

 throat: Mt. Diablo range and southern Sierra Nevada 



11. C. Californicum. 



Bracts with closely appressed base and long-lanceolate widely spread- 

 ing portion, this straight, or incurved and hook-like; middle and 

 inner Coast Ranges 12. V. Coulteri. 



Bracts straight, densely festooned with cobwebby hairs; sand hills 

 along the coast 13. C. occidcntale. 



1. C. lanceolatum (L. ) Scop. Bull Thistle. Plant spreading, 

 2 to 3£ ft. high; herbage villous and green; leaves lanceolate, deeply 

 pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes, the callous midribs and veins excur- 

 rent as rigid spines, the base decurrent on the stem into interrupted 

 prickly wings; upper surface strigose-setulose; heads large, almost 2 

 in. high, terminating leafy branchlets; bracts of involucre lightly 

 arachnoid-lanceolate, attenuate into slender and rigid prickly pointed 

 spreading tips; flowers rose-purple. 



European species, introduced in recent years in the Bay Region: 

 Berkeley; Lower San Joaquin, etc. 



2. C. fontinale (Greene). Stout, about 2 ft. high, the branches 

 widely spreading; stems and upper surface of leaves more or less 

 glandular-pubescent; heads mostly clustered, nodding; bracts of the 

 involucre very broad, almost 3 lines in width from the base to the 

 abruptly acute apex, spreading or recurved from near the middle, 

 prickle-pointed; flowers dull white; anther-tips acute. — (Carduus 

 fontinalis Greene.) 



Confined to a single locality near Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., 

 having the aspect of an introduced plant. Bracts similar to C. 

 quercetorum, but the long-attenuate innocuous inner ones compara- 

 tively few. 



