24 



four poi nds of powdered rosin. Boil till dissolved and, while boiling, 

 make up si only to 5 gallons. 



In a separate vessel boil lOlbs. of whale oil soap with 5 gallons of 

 water. These may be mixed while hot to make the stock solution or, 

 when cold, mix these two with 35 gallons of cold water, pouring both 

 into the water together while actively stirring the mixture. However 

 mixed, the final amount must be 45 gallons. 



In the case of kerosine emulsion made with hard soap, rain water 

 must be used, as water containing lime will cause the oil to separate 

 out on the surface hfter making the emulsion. JRain water is to be 

 preferred for all washes. 



Resin v ash is cheaper than that made from the kerosine emulsion, 

 but the latter is found to be the most convenient for use. The foimer 

 sometimes clogs the spraying nozzle, but this can be overcome by 

 first sti airing the solution through a piece of thin tarlatan cloth. 



Application of Washes, 



The wash preparatiors are best applied with a spraying machine 

 though where small pltnts are C( ncerned, a brush or syringe may be 

 used. To spr; y an orange tree, it will be necessary to obtain a good 

 spraying machine, capable of giving a spray of various fineness. 

 Many kinds of machines are now obtainable from the makers, and 

 those made of brass or copper are the best, as they are not affected by 

 the washes used. Two iorms of mechines are generally employed, 

 that which is carried strapped to the shoulders, and called ''knapsack," 

 which holds about 4 gallons of wash, and larger ones that are 

 fitted into a barrel which is carried on a light iron truck with two 

 wheels, which can be pushed from place to place in the orange grove. 

 Good machines can be bought of the Deeming Company, Salem. Ohio, 

 and from the Gould's Manufacturing Company, 16 Murray St., New 

 York. 1 he 'Bordeaux' or 'Seneca' nozzles are highly recommended, 

 and appear to be found the best. 



Sometimes one thorough application of a wash will be found suffi- 

 cient, but two are generally needed : the first destroys the living in- 

 sects, but might not kill the eggs. Therefore a week after the trees 

 should get another spray, which will destroy any young insects that 

 may have hatched. 



(2) Aphid ae or « Plant Lice " 



The Aphidae are so well krown that they hardly need description. 

 They comprise a numerous and obnoxious tribe of insects, allied to the 

 coccidae or scale insects. Few plants escape being attacked more or 

 less by them. They are possessed of a rostrum or sucking beak, by 

 w hich they puncture and extract the juices from the young shoots and 

 leaves of plants, en which they reside in societies, and are generally 

 associated, as previously mentioned, with ants. 



-As affecting citrus trees, these insects perhaps do most damage to 

 young nursery trees, congregating on the young shoots and leaves, 

 producing in many instances vesicles or gall-like excrescences, wkichx 

 not only weaken the vitality of the plants, but very much disfigure 

 them by contortion. 



